Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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Perry, D.A., and J.G. Borchers. 1990. Climate change and ecosystem response.Northwest Environ. J. 6:293-313.Peterson, D.L., and K.C. Ryan. 1986. Modeling post-fire conifer mortality forlong-range planning. Environmental Management 10: 797-808.Pettinger, L.F. and D.J. Goheen. 1972. A field guide to important forest insectsand diseases of Oregon and Washington. USDA Forest Service, PacificNorthwest Region, Division of Timber Management.Pickford, S.G., G. Fahnestock, and R. Ottmar. 1980. Weather, fuels, andlightning fires in Olympic National Park. Northwest Sci. 54: 92-105.Pyne, S.J. 1982. Fire in America: a cultural history of wildland and rural firein America. Princeton University Press.Quinault Natural Resources 1983. The great fire of 500 years ago. Quin. Nat.Res. IV,5: 23.Reinhardt, E.D., and K.C. Ryan. 1988. Eight-year tree growth followingprescribed underburning in a western Montana Douglas-fir/western larchstand. USDA Forest Service Res. Note INT-387.Ruediger, W.C. 1985. Implementing a spotted owl plan: the Gifford PinchotNational Forest experience. pp. 10-13 In: Gutierrez, R.J., and A.B. Carey(eds). Ecology and management of the spotted owl in the Pacific Northwest.USDA Forest Service General Technical Report. PNW- 185.Ruth, R.H., and A.S. Harris. 1979. Management of western hemlock - Sitkaspruce forests for timber production. USDA Forest Service GeneralTechnical Report. PNW-88.Ruth, R.H., and R.A. Yoder. 1953. Reducing wind damage in the forests of theOregon Coast Range. USDA Forest Service Pac. Northwest Forest andRange Experiment Station Res. Pap. 7.Sawyer, J.O., D.A. Thornburgh, and J.R. Griffim. 1988. Mixed evergreen forest.pp. 359-381 In: Barbour, M.G., and J. Major (eds.) Terrestrial Vegetationof California. California Native Plant Society Special Pub. 9.Schowalter, T.D. 1988. Forest pest management: a synopsis. NorthwestEnviron. J. 4:313-318.Shinn, D. 1980. Historical perspectives on range burning in the inland PacificNorthwest. Jour. Range Management 33: 415-422.Sinclair, W.A., H.H. Lyon and W.T. Johnson. 1987. Diseases of trees andshrubs. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.Steinbrenner, E.C., and S.P. Gessel. 1956. Windthrow along cutlines inrelation to physiography on the McDonald Tree Farm. WeyerhaeuserForestry Res. Notes 15. Centralia, Washington.Stewart, G.H. 1986. Population dynamics of a montane conifer forest, westernCascade Range, Oregon, USA. Ecology 67: 534-544.Stone, E.C., R.F. Grah, and P.J. Zinke. 1969. An analysis of the buffers andwatershed management required to preserve the redwood forest andassociated streams in the Redwood National Park. Stone and Associates.Berekley. California. Mimeo Rep. 106 pp.Stoszek, K. J. 1988. Forests under stress and insect outbreaks. NorthwestEnviron. J. 4:247-261.Stuart, J.D. 1987. Fire history of an old-growth forest of Sequoia sempervfrensflaxodiaceae) forest in Humboldt Redwoods State Park, California.Madrono 43: 128-141.478
Stuiver, M., and P. Quay. 1980. Changes in atmospheric carbon-14 attributedto a variable sun. Science 207: 11-19.Sudworth, G. 1908. Forest trees of the Pacific slope. USDA Forest Service,Washington, D.C.Swetnam, T.W. and A.M. Lynch. 1989. A tree ring reconstruction of westernspruce budworm history in the southern Rocky Mountains. Forest Sci.35:962-986.Tappeiner, J.C., T.B. Harrington, and J.D. Walstad. 1984. Predicting recoveryof tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) and Pacific madrone (Arbutusmenziesitj after cutting or burning. Weed Sci. 32: 413-417.Taylor, A.R. 1974. Ecological aspects of lightning in forests. Tall Timbers FireEcology Conf. Proc. 13: 455-482.Teensma, P. 1987. Fire history and fire regimes of the central western Cascadesof Oregon. Ph.D. Dissertation, University Oregon, Eugene.Thies, W.G. 1984. Laminated root rot: the quest for control. Journal of Forestry82:345-356.Thomas, J.W., E.D. Forsman, J.B. Lint, E.C. Meslow, B.R. Noon, and J.Verner. 1990. A conservation strategy for the northern spotted owl. Areport by the Interagency Scientific Committee to address the conservationof the northern spotted owl. USDA Forest Service, and USDI Fishand Wildlife Service, Bureau of Land Management, and National ParkService. Portland, Oregon.Thomas, T. and J.K. Agee. 1986. Prescribed fire effects on mixed conifer foreststructure at Crater Lake, Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Res. 16:1082-1087.Thornburgh, D.A. 1982. Succession in the mixed evergreen forests of northwesternCalifomia. pp. 87-91 In: Means, J.E. (ed) Forest succession andstand development research in the Northwest. Forest Research Lab.,Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.Thwaites, R.G. (ed.) 1905. Original journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition1804-06. Dodd,,Mead. New York. Tkacz, B.M. and E.M. Hansen. 1982.Damage by laminated root rot in two succeeding stands of Douglas-fir.Joumal of Forestry 80:788-79 1.Trewartha, G.T. 1968. An Introduction to Climate: Fourth Edition. Mc-Graw-Hill Book Company, New York.USDA Forest Service. 1983. Forest disease management notes. USDA ForestService, Pacific Northwest Region, Forest Pest Management, Portland,Oregon.van Wagtendonk, J.W. 1985. Fire suppression effects on fuels and successionin short-fire-interval wilderness ecosystems. pp. 119-126 In: Lotan, J.and others (eds) Proceedings - Symposium and workshop on wildernessfire. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report. INT- 182.Veirs, S. 1980. The influence of fire in coast redowood forests. pp. 93-95 In:Stokes, M. A. and J.H. Dieterich (eds). Proceedings of the Fire HistoryWorkshop. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report. RM-81.Walters, C. 1986. Adaptive management of renewable resources. Macmillan,New York.Waring, R.H., K. Cromack, Jr., P.A. Matson, R. Boone, and S.G. Stafford.1987. Responses to pathogen-induced disturbance: decomposition, nutrientavailability and tree vigour. Forestry 60:219-228.479
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I 1.2:Sp 6/draftRecovery Plan for t
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List of FiguresTable 4.1 Abbreviate
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Recovery ObjectiveSecretary of the
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Management Rules for Designated Con
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Monitoring and Research ProgramThe
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Chapter IIntroduction1
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"Threatened species" means a specie
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B. The Interagency Scientific Commi
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lished works and many government do
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II.A. Natural History of theNorther
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I- \IzXelT - - -.11 I..., ... I.."
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spring. Territories probably are sm
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Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentil
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also use a variety of nest sites in
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Home Range SizeHome range is define
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Table 2.2. Median amounts of old-gr
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3. Life Historycannot reject the hy
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Dispersal1984, Thomas et al. 1990,
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4. ConclusionOur knowledge of the n
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Ca n a d aEastern Washington Cascad
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Table 2.3. Estimated spotted owl ha
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Table 2.4. Significant threats to t
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Table 2.5. Results of surveys for s
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isolated. In these provinces, small
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centers for 30 to 35 spotted owl te
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Southwest Washington occupies a key
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Distribution of Habitat and Populat
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Province Isolation. The eastern Was
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were in suitable habitat condition.
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Estimated acres of forest landbase:
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owned and contain little suitable h
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Vulnerability to Natural Disturbanc
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Douglas-fir/hardwood types, the lat
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miles from the contiguous populatio
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In comparison, the southern part of
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Sacramento River Canyon now provide
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On January 11, 1980, there was an a
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vation Strategy for the Northern Sp
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transfer of one area to the Grand R
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The BLM Spokane (Washington) Distri
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3. National Park ServiceThe followi
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The results of a consultation are s
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- Since landowners already face cut
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4. Cumulative Effects AssessmentThe
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Assessment, Planning, and Monitorin
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Spotted owl nesting sites and activ
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Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhance
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including wildlife. In other cases,
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Currently, the Yakima Indian Nation
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where timber harvest is limited to
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III.A. Recovery Objective and Delis
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4. The population is unlikely to ne
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Needs of other species should be co
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years. The strategy of managing for
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't0
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Finally, the plan recommends mainta
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A total of 1,181 pairs of owls has
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DKnown owlsin the OregonprovincesKn
Page 128 and 129:
mologists, and representatives of o
Page 130 and 131:
this prey species is an appropriate
Page 132 and 133:
After 100 years residual snags will
Page 134 and 135:
2. Fuelwood Gathering. If allowed,
Page 136 and 137:
The application of prescriptions A,
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owls. (Refer to tables in section I
Page 140 and 141:
PRESCRIPTION D -RETAIN OWLS IN MANA
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126
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DCA Management Plans.The recovery p
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Endangered Species Act) or through
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6. Costs to landowners should be re
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The real or perceived disincentives
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authority of the public body to ent
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* Use the recovery plan's recommend
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140
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Supplemental pair areas - Habitat d
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Numbers of owls currently are estim
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Biological goals and implementation
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ning. Also, several unsurveyed area
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Owl pairsKnown owlsin the province3
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- Initiate long-range planning effo
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Table 3.8. Summary comments on the
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from nonfederal lands are needed to
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Eastern Washington Cascades Provinc
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(Owl pairs140 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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habitat in DCA WD- 16. Approximatel
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Table 3.12. Summary comments on the
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Ttllwrnook/Astoria area. Provide su
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connectivity between key DCAs. This
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ITable 3.14. Summary comments on th
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crest of the Cascade Mountains. The
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
sites on federal lands (figure 3.21
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Owl pairsL I 350- _ _ . ...........
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DCAs, often combined with adjacent
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Owl pairsLiKnown owlsin the provinc
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nesting and roosting habitat until
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Option 3: Management of clusters: g
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Table 3.21. Summary of acreage and
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Owl pairs -Known owlsin the provinc
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and to within 0.5 miles of the acti
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Spotted owls have been found at 86
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Page 214 and 215:
their distance from other sites. Ar
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* Recommend population and habitat
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away in some or all of the range. D
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4. What are the population dynamics
Page 222 and 223:
If the monitoring and research prog
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lowlands, eastern Oregon Cascades,
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210
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Stepdown Outline1. Management Tasks
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Table 4.1 Abbreviated Cost TableThe
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continued-TaskPriorityResp. PartyCo
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218
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220
Page 238 and 239:
and the number of invertebrate anim
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Table 5.2. Numbers of other species
Page 242 and 243:
Amphibians and Reptiles: Larch Moun
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228
Page 246 and 247:
230
Page 248 and 249:
Barrows, C. W. 1980. Feeding ecolog
Page 250 and 251:
Clark, R. J., D. G. Smith, and L. H
Page 252 and 253:
Franklin, A. B., J. A. Blakesley, a
Page 254 and 255:
Harestad, A. S., and F. L. Bunnell.
Page 256 and 257:
Lundquist, R. W. and J. M. Mariani.
Page 258 and 259:
O'Halloran, K. 1989. Spotted owl in
Page 260 and 261:
Solis, D. M. 1980. Habitat use by n
Page 262 and 263:
Young, K. D., A. B. Franklin, and J
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248
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250
Page 268 and 269:
Table A.1. General approaches for e
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complete count of the territorial b
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Table A.3. Powera for various desig
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Table A.4. Illustration of a Markov
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Obviously, these statements hold on
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Table A.6. Reliability of trend est
Page 280 and 281:
Demographic AnalysisAs noted earlie
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the estimate (using the simple equa
Page 284 and 285:
however, we know little about the b
Page 286 and 287:
Table A.8. Summary of information n
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predict the power achieved by diffe
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Other studiestached. If dispersing
Page 292 and 293:
impractical at present. We describe
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Conclusionsthe year effect can be i
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280
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282
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284
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owls. Consequently, the issue of wh
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Use of the informationAssessments a
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Recent LiteratureWe might begin by
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Kerms (1989) measured habitat struc
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Hamer (pers. comm.) described 11 ne
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Table B.3. Percent hardwoods in the
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Table B.5. Comparison of habitats u
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Table B.8. Tree density (number of
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and numbers of trees, and percent o
Page 320 and 321:
Under this hypothesis, owl fitness
Page 322 and 323:
suitable habitat for that region (m
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ResultsDiscussionspotted owl habita
Page 326 and 327:
__Discussiondata from 41 sites in t
Page 328 and 329:
Recommendations for Future Research
Page 330 and 331:
314
Page 332 and 333:
Hamer, T. 1988. Home range size of
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318
Page 336 and 337:
320
Page 338 and 339:
Parameter Estimatesfor Individual S
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provided in Table C. 5. Study of th
Page 342 and 343:
Table C.6. Summary of statistics re
Page 344 and 345:
3. ConclusionsThis source of bias i
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330
Page 348 and 349:
Gray Wolf .........................
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formed during the initial meeting t
Page 352 and 353:
provide habitat for the numerous sp
Page 354 and 355:
The ApproachA committee of the Reco
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The List of Threatened and Endanger
Page 358 and 359:
Mammalsoldest trees in a stand. Eig
Page 360 and 361:
ABBFigure D. 1. Distribution of: a)
Page 362 and 363:
KTable D.3. A list of threatened an
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Fishestheir dispersal capabilities
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OlympicNorthcoastalRockyMountainSou
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continued-StatusabState Considered
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continued-SpeciesColumbia sidebandM
Page 372 and 373:
endemic to the Pacific Northwest).
Page 374 and 375:
------continued-SpeciesRhyacophila
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continued-SpeciesFed3tatusa bStateW
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StatusasbOld ForestState Associatio
Page 380 and 381:
Summaryspores (Maser et al. 1978b).
Page 382 and 383:
Biology of Owl Prey, Older Forest A
Page 384 and 385:
Woodrats.-The dusky-footed woodrat
Page 386 and 387:
and are less restrictive under stat
Page 388 and 389:
Stock concept.-The term "stock" was
Page 390 and 391:
Table D.10. List of fish stocks of
Page 392 and 393:
continued-Steelhead-owipu Sea-runTr
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continued-BasinHoodWillametteRogueS
Page 396 and 397:
Table D.13. Washington streams (or
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inland distribution currently decre
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nesting territories in the three st
Page 402 and 403:
However, little is known about the
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Fisher (Martes penncmti)Distributio
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at one time supported marten popula
Page 408 and 409:
each population of these animals is
Page 410 and 411:
species also is found under the bar
Page 412 and 413:
few meters from water after heavy r
Page 414 and 415:
In considering the needs of other s
Page 416 and 417:
Barrows, C. W. 1981. Roost selectio
Page 418 and 419:
Clark, T. W., E. Anderson, C. Dougl
Page 420 and 421:
Hamer, T. E. 1991. Habitat relation
Page 422 and 423:
Mannan, R. W., E. C. Meslow, and H.
Page 424 and 425:
Oakley, A. L., Collins, J. A., Ever
Page 426 and 427:
Solis, D. M. 1983. Summer habitat e
Page 428 and 429:
Washington Natural Heritage Program
Page 430 and 431:
414
Page 432 and 433:
f. Wilderness.g. Livestock grazing.
Page 434 and 435:
I. Monitoring.1. Northern spotted o
Page 436 and 437:
420
Page 438 and 439:
here will reduce some of that habit
Page 440 and 441:
424
Page 442 and 443:
426
Page 444 and 445: Selection of Forest TypesAt the tim
Page 446 and 447: eceive as little as 25 inches. Disc
Page 448 and 449: A. FireThe combination and interact
Page 450 and 451: Table F.4. Important forest insects
Page 452 and 453: continued-Common Name Causal Agent
Page 454 and 455: D. DiseasesForest diseases in the P
Page 460 and 461: III. Forest Protection in theWest C
Page 462 and 463: 120 100200 500I~~~~.K446Figure F.4.
Page 464 and 465: InsectsDiseasesInsects in this subr
Page 466 and 467: __hardwoods are immune. Shade toler
Page 468 and 469: pests (Schowalter 1988). Black stai
Page 470 and 471: tion and initial attack. If manipul
Page 472 and 473: log and snag density was likely low
Page 474 and 475: B. Management Effects on StandsMana
Page 476 and 477: units (underburning or lop/scatter)
Page 478 and 479: In the higher elevation White Fir a
Page 480 and 481: growth often increases (Reinhardt a
Page 482 and 483: 50rcc4*0-cC)2M CmZ13010-yearI ,...*
Page 484 and 485: In the East Cascades subregion fore
Page 486 and 487: The introduced disease, white pine
Page 488 and 489: VI. Conclusionsmortality will resul
Page 490 and 491: Baker, F.A. 1988. The influence of
Page 492 and 493: Habeck, J.R. 1990. Old-growth ponde
Page 496 and 497: Weatherspoon, C.P., and C.N. Skinne
Page 498 and 499: 482
Page 500 and 501: 484
Page 502 and 503: area, structure, ages, location; ne
Page 504 and 505: Stand AFigure G.2. A--unthmnned Dou
Page 506 and 507: figure 0.3. Effects of thinning Dou
Page 508 and 509: II. Review of Natural Vegetation an
Page 510 and 511: western hemlock, and sometimes othe
Page 512 and 513: year intervals (Appendix F). With t
Page 514 and 515: Live crown ratiobecent)6050IStand A
Page 516 and 517: Basal area growth continued to incr
Page 518 and 519: technology probably will allow some
Page 520 and 521: Stand A. No activities (west side 3
Page 522 and 523: Stand A. No activities (west side o
Page 524 and 525: acre, 4 to 12 inches in diameter),
Page 526 and 527: allow redwood sprout clumps maximum
Page 528 and 529: KAge 15 years - 511 trees per acre,
Page 530 and 531: 6Stems per acre100 _ Stand A. Natur
Page 532 and 533: Basal Area(square feetper acre)50 1
Page 534 and 535: * Opening the canopy in small patch
Page 536 and 537: Drew, T.J. and J.W. Flewelling. 197
Page 538 and 539: Miller, R.E.; D.L. Reukema, and R.L
Page 540 and 541: Tappeiner, J.C., P.M. McDonald, and
Page 542 and 543: 526
Page 544 and 545:
528
Page 546 and 547:
6. Timber supply curve and economic
Page 548 and 549:
scientifically credible biological
Page 550 and 551:
E. Summary of Preliminary Estimates
Page 552 and 553:
II. General Economic Principles for
Page 554 and 555:
practices may be able to show how s
Page 556 and 557:
Economic patterns show the efficien
Page 558 and 559:
The sustainable yield concept that
Page 560 and 561:
A. Previously Estimated Economic Co
Page 562 and 563:
County receipts were estimated to d
Page 564 and 565:
B. Potential Social Costs of Owl Co
Page 566 and 567:
The contrast between the behavior d
Page 568 and 569:
0U1 n1nDTable H.2. Economic depende
Page 570 and 571:
cḻlTable H.4. Economic characteri
Page 572 and 573:
An analysis completed by the State
Page 574 and 575:
V. Preliminary Evaluation of the Ec
Page 576 and 577:
25-° 20/0M 15-a)CLU)0 10-0CL 5 -0)
Page 578 and 579:
25 -- 20-0co/o 15--Da)a0a)10m~ C) 5
Page 580 and 581:
forestlands. The costs of productio
Page 582 and 583:
In Figure H.8, the equilibrium betw
Page 584 and 585:
foregone and the way they will save
Page 586 and 587:
The income created by the purchase
Page 588 and 589:
Two concepts are useful for underst
Page 590 and 591:
y an estimate of the price that wou
Page 592 and 593:
Table H.10. Comparison of timber em
Page 594 and 595:
of the second year. The same assump
Page 596 and 597:
are generally much lower than for c
Page 598 and 599:
582
Page 600 and 601:
studies at University of Washington
Page 602 and 603:
586
Page 604 and 605:
Most significant late successionall
Page 606 and 607:
to evaluate options. Information in
Page 608 and 609:
Q0Table 1.1. Estimated acres and ow
Page 610 and 611:
soTable 1.3. Estimated acres and ow
Page 612 and 613:
01CDarTable 1.5. Size class distrib
Page 614 and 615:
Table 1.8. Frequency distribution o
Page 616 and 617:
Literature CitedThomas, J.W., E.D.
Page 618 and 619:
602
Page 620 and 621:
- The overlap of home ranges among
Page 622 and 623:
Table J.2. Acreage and owl numbers
Page 624 and 625:
continuedDCA Land AcreageIdent. Sta
Page 626 and 627:
Page 628 and 629:
Page 630 and 631:
Page 632 and 633:
Page 634 and 635:
Table J.9. Acrea ?e and owl numbers
Page 636 and 637:
Page 638 and 639:
continued-DCA LandIdent. StatusAcre
Page 640 and 641:
-DCAIdent.LandStatusAcreageNRF Tota
Page 642 and 643:
626
Page 644 and 645:
Experience Includes: Assistant Dire
Page 646 and 647:
Education: B.S. in forestry from Or
Page 648 and 649:
Team SupportCharles Bruce, Oregon D
Page 650 and 651:
continued-1 5-24-91 Other SpeciesSu
Page 652 and 653:
continued-9-16 thru9-20-919-19-91Sp
Page 654 and 655:
Perry, D. 1991. The ecology of coar
Page 656 and 657:
2mandate the achievement of recover
Page 658 and 659:
642
Page 660 and 661:
644
Page 662 and 663:
Aspect - the direction a slope face
Page 664 and 665:
Congressionally classified and desi
Page 666 and 667:
Empirical - derived from direct obs
Page 668 and 669:
Hummocky - a landscape characterize
Page 670 and 671:
Mixed conifer - as used in this doc
Page 672 and 673:
Potential habitat - a stand of tree
Page 674 and 675:
Sensitive species - those species t
Page 676 and 677:
Take -Uunder the Endangered Species
Page 678:
wild, scenic, or recreational by an
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Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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