Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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Home Range SizeHome range is defined generally as the area used by an animal and to whichthe animal exhibits fidelity. The size of home ranges of spotted owls is a focalpoint of controversy because of their large size (Table 2.1; Thomas et al. 1990).Forsman (1980) was the first to critically estimate spotted owl home range sizeby using radio telemetry, although Marshall (1957) guessed at the nightlyranges of Mexican spotted owls in Arizona and Mexico. Radio telemetry is theonly method through which scientists reasonably can estimate the size ofspotted owl home ranges. There has been some concern expressed about theeffect of radio transmitters on survival and reproduction (Paton et al. 1991).Foster et al. (1992) found no significant differences in survival or body massbetween radio-marked and unmarked spotted owls, although some owls diddie as a result of improper transmitter attachment. But they did record asignificant negative effect on reproductive output of radio-marked owls.Because of Forsman's (1980) initial observations that spotted owl home rangeswere very large (more than 2,000 acres on the average) a great deal of scientificeffort has been devoted to verifying his original observations as well as estimatingthe geographic and inherent variation in spotted owl home ranges(Forsman 1981, Solis 1983, Forsman et al. 1984, Gutierrez et al. 1984, Siscoand Gutierrez 1984, Forsman and Meslow 1985, Allen et al. 1989, Hamer et al.1989, Hays et al. 1989, Carey et al. 1990, Paton et al. 1990, Sisco 1990,Thrailkill and Meslow 1990). In addition, Thomas et al. (1990) summarizedthis information as well as other unpublished estimates of home range size (seeTable 2.1).Interpreting the variation in home range size and habitat use has been asignificant challenge to spotted owl ecologists. Variation (i.e., the distributionof observations of a trait) in observed home range size has formed the basisupon which scientific inference and generalization were based about spottedowl home range requirements. From the studies cited earlier, some generalizationscan be made about home range characteristics. First, all studies of homerange size are consistent with Forsman's (1980) original observations of largespotted owl home ranges (see Table 2.1). Second, there is a large degree ofoverlap in home range areas between members of the same pair (Forsman etal. 1984, Solis and Gutierrez 1990) and lesser overlap among adjacent pairs(Forsman et al. 1984). Third, there is considerable geographic variation inhome range size, with owls occupying Washington's Olympic Peninsula havingthe largest home ranges (Thomas et al. 1990). Fourth, home range size increasesas the amount of old forest within the home range decreases (i.e., lossof habitat from logging; Carey 1985, Forsman et al. 1984, Thrailkill andMeslow 1990). It is unknown if this geographic variation is related to latitude,habitat, individual, temporal, or prey-base variation.The size of an owl's home range probably is dependent on many factors (e.g.,food availability, interspecific competition, amount and arrangement of suitablehabitat). For example, spotted owl home range size may be a reflection of anadaptive response to low prey abundance and variation in abundance anddistribution of prey (Ward 1990). Further, estimates of owl home range sizecan be influenced by the sampling design of the home range study and thehome range estimator used in the analyses (Carey et al. 1989, Call 1989).Although these factors may influence the estimation of owl home range size,predictions of home range sizes of birds of the size and trophic level of spottedowls based on allometric equations are similar to empirical estimates of spottedowl home ranges (Schoener 1969). Predictions of spotted owl home range size,based on allometric analysis of mammals, underestimate direct observations of22
Table 2.1. Median annual home range areas (in acres) of spotted owl pairs in differentstudy areas and physiographic provinces.aState No. RangeLocation of ForestSite Pairs Typeb Median Min Max SourcescCaliforniaKlamath MountainsUkonom 9 MC 3,314 2,056 7,823 1Mad River 12 MC 2,975 1,803 4,685 1Willow Creek 2 MC 1,692 1,258 2,126 2OregonSouth CoastChetco 4 MH 5,614 5,327 6,197 1Klamath MountainsSouth Umpqua 3 MC 1,411 1,035 1,504 3Cow Creek 6 MC 4,106 2,499 7,494 3Coast RangesTyee 5 DF/HEM 3,387 1,880 8,272 3Peterson 4 DF/HEM 6,318 3,483 10,189 3Eugene BLM 4 DF/HEM 6,390 3,715 8,180 4Otherd 4 DF/HEM 4,183 2,849 9,748 5Kellogge 5 MC 4,072 1,618 6,281 3Western Cascades 11 DF/HEM 2,955 1,443 9,758 6,7WashingtonWestern Cascades 11 DF/HEM 6,657 2,969 17,942 8,9,10Olympic Peninsula 10 HEM/DF 14,271 4,497 27,309 9,11(Note -Table follows Thomas et al (1990) with changes based on Forsman and Hays (pers comm.))aPair ranges were calculated by delineating 100 percent MCPs (minimum convex polygons) total = exclusive area of male + exclusive area of female+ the area of overlap shared by the two sexes.bMC = mixed conifer, MH = mixed conifer/evergreen, DF/HEM = Douglas-fir, western hemlock, HEM/DF = mostly western hemlock with Douglas-firintermixed.C 1 = Paton et al. (1990), 2 = Solis (1983), 3 = Carey (pers comm.), 4 = Thrailkill and Meslow (pers. comm.), 5 = Carey et al (1989), 6 = Forsman andMeslow (1985), 7 = Miller (pers comm ), 8 = Allen et al (1989), 9 = Hays et al (1989), 10 = Hamer (pers. comm.), 11 = Forsman (pers. comm)dIncludes four sites in the southern Coast Ranges near RoseburgeThis was a relatively dry area bordering the Umpqua River Valley, characterized by mixed conifer forest more typical of the Oregon Klamath provincethan the Coast Rangesowl home ranges (Harestad and Bunnell 1979, Lindstedt et al. 1986). Thus,because spotted owls do not fit theoretical predictions of their home range sizebased on mammalian allometric analysis, it should not be expected that theycan survive and reproduce in a much restricted home range based on extrapolationfrom studies of mammals (SOW 1991).One important feature of an owl's home range is the amount of suitable habitatwithin the boundaries of the home range. Thomas et al. (1990) summarizedthe amounts of old-growth and mature forest within spotted owl pair homeranges (see Table 2.2). The median amount of these late seral stage forests fora number of studies within the northern spotted owl's range was 615 to 4,579acres. In only three studies were median amounts of these forest less than1,000 acres. In one of these studies (Solis 1983), the sample was small (two23
Page 1 and 2: I 1.2:Sp 6/draftRecovery Plan for t
Page 7: List of FiguresTable 4.1 Abbreviate
Page 11 and 12: Recovery ObjectiveSecretary of the
Page 13 and 14: Management Rules for Designated Con
Page 15 and 16: Monitoring and Research ProgramThe
Page 17: Chapter IIntroduction1
Page 20 and 21: "Threatened species" means a specie
Page 22 and 23: B. The Interagency Scientific Commi
Page 24 and 25: lished works and many government do
Page 27 and 28: II.A. Natural History of theNorther
Page 29 and 30: I- \IzXelT - - -.11 I..., ... I.."
Page 32 and 33: spring. Territories probably are sm
Page 34 and 35: Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentil
Page 36 and 37: also use a variety of nest sites in
Page 40 and 41: Table 2.2. Median amounts of old-gr
Page 42 and 43: 3. Life Historycannot reject the hy
Page 44 and 45: Dispersal1984, Thomas et al. 1990,
Page 46 and 47: 4. ConclusionOur knowledge of the n
Page 48 and 49: Ca n a d aEastern Washington Cascad
Page 50 and 51: Table 2.3. Estimated spotted owl ha
Page 52 and 53: Table 2.4. Significant threats to t
Page 54 and 55: Table 2.5. Results of surveys for s
Page 56 and 57: isolated. In these provinces, small
Page 58 and 59: centers for 30 to 35 spotted owl te
Page 60 and 61: Southwest Washington occupies a key
Page 62 and 63: Distribution of Habitat and Populat
Page 64 and 65: Province Isolation. The eastern Was
Page 66 and 67: were in suitable habitat condition.
Page 68 and 69: Estimated acres of forest landbase:
Page 70 and 71: owned and contain little suitable h
Page 72 and 73: Vulnerability to Natural Disturbanc
Page 74 and 75: Douglas-fir/hardwood types, the lat
Page 76 and 77: miles from the contiguous populatio
Page 78 and 79: In comparison, the southern part of
Page 80 and 81: Sacramento River Canyon now provide
Page 82 and 83: On January 11, 1980, there was an a
Page 84 and 85: vation Strategy for the Northern Sp
Page 86 and 87: transfer of one area to the Grand R
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The BLM Spokane (Washington) Distri
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3. National Park ServiceThe followi
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The results of a consultation are s
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- Since landowners already face cut
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4. Cumulative Effects AssessmentThe
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Assessment, Planning, and Monitorin
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Spotted owl nesting sites and activ
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Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhance
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including wildlife. In other cases,
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Currently, the Yakima Indian Nation
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where timber harvest is limited to
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III.A. Recovery Objective and Delis
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4. The population is unlikely to ne
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Needs of other species should be co
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years. The strategy of managing for
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't0
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Finally, the plan recommends mainta
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A total of 1,181 pairs of owls has
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DKnown owlsin the OregonprovincesKn
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mologists, and representatives of o
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this prey species is an appropriate
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After 100 years residual snags will
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2. Fuelwood Gathering. If allowed,
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The application of prescriptions A,
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owls. (Refer to tables in section I
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PRESCRIPTION D -RETAIN OWLS IN MANA
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126
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DCA Management Plans.The recovery p
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Endangered Species Act) or through
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6. Costs to landowners should be re
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The real or perceived disincentives
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authority of the public body to ent
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* Use the recovery plan's recommend
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140
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Supplemental pair areas - Habitat d
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Numbers of owls currently are estim
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Biological goals and implementation
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ning. Also, several unsurveyed area
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Owl pairsKnown owlsin the province3
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- Initiate long-range planning effo
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Table 3.8. Summary comments on the
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from nonfederal lands are needed to
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Eastern Washington Cascades Provinc
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(Owl pairs140 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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habitat in DCA WD- 16. Approximatel
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Table 3.12. Summary comments on the
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Ttllwrnook/Astoria area. Provide su
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connectivity between key DCAs. This
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ITable 3.14. Summary comments on th
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crest of the Cascade Mountains. The
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
sites on federal lands (figure 3.21
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Owl pairsL I 350- _ _ . ...........
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DCAs, often combined with adjacent
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Owl pairsLiKnown owlsin the provinc
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nesting and roosting habitat until
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Option 3: Management of clusters: g
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Table 3.21. Summary of acreage and
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Owl pairs -Known owlsin the provinc
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and to within 0.5 miles of the acti
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Spotted owls have been found at 86
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Page 214 and 215:
their distance from other sites. Ar
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* Recommend population and habitat
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away in some or all of the range. D
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4. What are the population dynamics
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If the monitoring and research prog
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lowlands, eastern Oregon Cascades,
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210
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Stepdown Outline1. Management Tasks
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Table 4.1 Abbreviated Cost TableThe
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continued-TaskPriorityResp. PartyCo
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218
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220
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and the number of invertebrate anim
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Table 5.2. Numbers of other species
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Amphibians and Reptiles: Larch Moun
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228
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230
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Barrows, C. W. 1980. Feeding ecolog
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Clark, R. J., D. G. Smith, and L. H
Page 252 and 253:
Franklin, A. B., J. A. Blakesley, a
Page 254 and 255:
Harestad, A. S., and F. L. Bunnell.
Page 256 and 257:
Lundquist, R. W. and J. M. Mariani.
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O'Halloran, K. 1989. Spotted owl in
Page 260 and 261:
Solis, D. M. 1980. Habitat use by n
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Young, K. D., A. B. Franklin, and J
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248
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250
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Table A.1. General approaches for e
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complete count of the territorial b
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Table A.3. Powera for various desig
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Table A.4. Illustration of a Markov
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Obviously, these statements hold on
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Table A.6. Reliability of trend est
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Demographic AnalysisAs noted earlie
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the estimate (using the simple equa
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however, we know little about the b
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Table A.8. Summary of information n
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predict the power achieved by diffe
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Other studiestached. If dispersing
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impractical at present. We describe
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Conclusionsthe year effect can be i
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280
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282
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284
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owls. Consequently, the issue of wh
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Use of the informationAssessments a
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Recent LiteratureWe might begin by
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Kerms (1989) measured habitat struc
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Hamer (pers. comm.) described 11 ne
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Table B.3. Percent hardwoods in the
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Table B.5. Comparison of habitats u
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Table B.8. Tree density (number of
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and numbers of trees, and percent o
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Under this hypothesis, owl fitness
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suitable habitat for that region (m
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ResultsDiscussionspotted owl habita
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__Discussiondata from 41 sites in t
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Recommendations for Future Research
Page 330 and 331:
314
Page 332 and 333:
Hamer, T. 1988. Home range size of
Page 334 and 335:
318
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320
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Parameter Estimatesfor Individual S
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provided in Table C. 5. Study of th
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Table C.6. Summary of statistics re
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3. ConclusionsThis source of bias i
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330
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Gray Wolf .........................
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formed during the initial meeting t
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provide habitat for the numerous sp
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The ApproachA committee of the Reco
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The List of Threatened and Endanger
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Mammalsoldest trees in a stand. Eig
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ABBFigure D. 1. Distribution of: a)
Page 362 and 363:
KTable D.3. A list of threatened an
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Fishestheir dispersal capabilities
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OlympicNorthcoastalRockyMountainSou
Page 368 and 369:
continued-StatusabState Considered
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continued-SpeciesColumbia sidebandM
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endemic to the Pacific Northwest).
Page 374 and 375:
------continued-SpeciesRhyacophila
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continued-SpeciesFed3tatusa bStateW
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StatusasbOld ForestState Associatio
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Summaryspores (Maser et al. 1978b).
Page 382 and 383:
Biology of Owl Prey, Older Forest A
Page 384 and 385:
Woodrats.-The dusky-footed woodrat
Page 386 and 387:
and are less restrictive under stat
Page 388 and 389:
Stock concept.-The term "stock" was
Page 390 and 391:
Table D.10. List of fish stocks of
Page 392 and 393:
continued-Steelhead-owipu Sea-runTr
Page 394 and 395:
continued-BasinHoodWillametteRogueS
Page 396 and 397:
Table D.13. Washington streams (or
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inland distribution currently decre
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nesting territories in the three st
Page 402 and 403:
However, little is known about the
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Fisher (Martes penncmti)Distributio
Page 406 and 407:
at one time supported marten popula
Page 408 and 409:
each population of these animals is
Page 410 and 411:
species also is found under the bar
Page 412 and 413:
few meters from water after heavy r
Page 414 and 415:
In considering the needs of other s
Page 416 and 417:
Barrows, C. W. 1981. Roost selectio
Page 418 and 419:
Clark, T. W., E. Anderson, C. Dougl
Page 420 and 421:
Hamer, T. E. 1991. Habitat relation
Page 422 and 423:
Mannan, R. W., E. C. Meslow, and H.
Page 424 and 425:
Oakley, A. L., Collins, J. A., Ever
Page 426 and 427:
Solis, D. M. 1983. Summer habitat e
Page 428 and 429:
Washington Natural Heritage Program
Page 430 and 431:
414
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f. Wilderness.g. Livestock grazing.
Page 434 and 435:
I. Monitoring.1. Northern spotted o
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420
Page 438 and 439:
here will reduce some of that habit
Page 440 and 441:
424
Page 442 and 443:
426
Page 444 and 445:
Selection of Forest TypesAt the tim
Page 446 and 447:
eceive as little as 25 inches. Disc
Page 448 and 449:
A. FireThe combination and interact
Page 450 and 451:
Table F.4. Important forest insects
Page 452 and 453:
continued-Common Name Causal Agent
Page 454 and 455:
D. DiseasesForest diseases in the P
Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
III. Forest Protection in theWest C
Page 462 and 463:
120 100200 500I~~~~.K446Figure F.4.
Page 464 and 465:
InsectsDiseasesInsects in this subr
Page 466 and 467:
__hardwoods are immune. Shade toler
Page 468 and 469:
pests (Schowalter 1988). Black stai
Page 470 and 471:
tion and initial attack. If manipul
Page 472 and 473:
log and snag density was likely low
Page 474 and 475:
B. Management Effects on StandsMana
Page 476 and 477:
units (underburning or lop/scatter)
Page 478 and 479:
In the higher elevation White Fir a
Page 480 and 481:
growth often increases (Reinhardt a
Page 482 and 483:
50rcc4*0-cC)2M CmZ13010-yearI ,...*
Page 484 and 485:
In the East Cascades subregion fore
Page 486 and 487:
The introduced disease, white pine
Page 488 and 489:
VI. Conclusionsmortality will resul
Page 490 and 491:
Baker, F.A. 1988. The influence of
Page 492 and 493:
Habeck, J.R. 1990. Old-growth ponde
Page 494 and 495:
Perry, D.A., and J.G. Borchers. 199
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Weatherspoon, C.P., and C.N. Skinne
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482
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484
Page 502 and 503:
area, structure, ages, location; ne
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Stand AFigure G.2. A--unthmnned Dou
Page 506 and 507:
figure 0.3. Effects of thinning Dou
Page 508 and 509:
II. Review of Natural Vegetation an
Page 510 and 511:
western hemlock, and sometimes othe
Page 512 and 513:
year intervals (Appendix F). With t
Page 514 and 515:
Live crown ratiobecent)6050IStand A
Page 516 and 517:
Basal area growth continued to incr
Page 518 and 519:
technology probably will allow some
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Stand A. No activities (west side 3
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Stand A. No activities (west side o
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acre, 4 to 12 inches in diameter),
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allow redwood sprout clumps maximum
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KAge 15 years - 511 trees per acre,
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6Stems per acre100 _ Stand A. Natur
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Basal Area(square feetper acre)50 1
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* Opening the canopy in small patch
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Drew, T.J. and J.W. Flewelling. 197
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Miller, R.E.; D.L. Reukema, and R.L
Page 540 and 541:
Tappeiner, J.C., P.M. McDonald, and
Page 542 and 543:
526
Page 544 and 545:
528
Page 546 and 547:
6. Timber supply curve and economic
Page 548 and 549:
scientifically credible biological
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E. Summary of Preliminary Estimates
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II. General Economic Principles for
Page 554 and 555:
practices may be able to show how s
Page 556 and 557:
Economic patterns show the efficien
Page 558 and 559:
The sustainable yield concept that
Page 560 and 561:
A. Previously Estimated Economic Co
Page 562 and 563:
County receipts were estimated to d
Page 564 and 565:
B. Potential Social Costs of Owl Co
Page 566 and 567:
The contrast between the behavior d
Page 568 and 569:
0U1 n1nDTable H.2. Economic depende
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cḻlTable H.4. Economic characteri
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An analysis completed by the State
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V. Preliminary Evaluation of the Ec
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25-° 20/0M 15-a)CLU)0 10-0CL 5 -0)
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25 -- 20-0co/o 15--Da)a0a)10m~ C) 5
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forestlands. The costs of productio
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In Figure H.8, the equilibrium betw
Page 584 and 585:
foregone and the way they will save
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The income created by the purchase
Page 588 and 589:
Two concepts are useful for underst
Page 590 and 591:
y an estimate of the price that wou
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Table H.10. Comparison of timber em
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of the second year. The same assump
Page 596 and 597:
are generally much lower than for c
Page 598 and 599:
582
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studies at University of Washington
Page 602 and 603:
586
Page 604 and 605:
Most significant late successionall
Page 606 and 607:
to evaluate options. Information in
Page 608 and 609:
Q0Table 1.1. Estimated acres and ow
Page 610 and 611:
soTable 1.3. Estimated acres and ow
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01CDarTable 1.5. Size class distrib
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Table 1.8. Frequency distribution o
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Literature CitedThomas, J.W., E.D.
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602
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- The overlap of home ranges among
Page 622 and 623:
Table J.2. Acreage and owl numbers
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continuedDCA Land AcreageIdent. Sta
Page 626 and 627:
Page 628 and 629:
Page 630 and 631:
Page 632 and 633:
Page 634 and 635:
Table J.9. Acrea ?e and owl numbers
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Page 638 and 639:
continued-DCA LandIdent. StatusAcre
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-DCAIdent.LandStatusAcreageNRF Tota
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626
Page 644 and 645:
Experience Includes: Assistant Dire
Page 646 and 647:
Education: B.S. in forestry from Or
Page 648 and 649:
Team SupportCharles Bruce, Oregon D
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continued-1 5-24-91 Other SpeciesSu
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continued-9-16 thru9-20-919-19-91Sp
Page 654 and 655:
Perry, D. 1991. The ecology of coar
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2mandate the achievement of recover
Page 658 and 659:
642
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644
Page 662 and 663:
Aspect - the direction a slope face
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Congressionally classified and desi
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Empirical - derived from direct obs
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Hummocky - a landscape characterize
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Mixed conifer - as used in this doc
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Potential habitat - a stand of tree
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Sensitive species - those species t
Page 676 and 677:
Take -Uunder the Endangered Species
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wild, scenic, or recreational by an
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Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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