Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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StatusasbOld ForestState Associationc Endemicd Priority RiparianSpecies Fed WA OR CA WA OR CA L B Species Associate Reterences*362Silky cryptanthaC2Cryptantha crinitaMendocino cypressC2Cupressus pygmaeaRed Mt. (Kellogg's) buckwheat C1EEriogonum kelloggiiMilo Baker's lupine C2 TLupinus milo-bakerMendocino bush-mallow C2Malacothamnus mendocinensisRed Mountain stonecrop C1Sedum laxum eastwoodiaeCrater Lake rock cress C2 CArabis suffrutescens horizontalisGorman aster C2 CAster gormanii hCrater Lake collomia C2 CCollomia mazamaHowell's howellii C2 CErigeron howelliiHowell's microseris C2 CMicroseris howell/iBarrett's penstemon C2 CPenstemon barrettiaePeck's penstemon C2 CPenstemon peckiiBristly sidalceaC2Sidalcea setosaPale blue-eyed grass C2 CSisyrinchium sarmentosumWestern sophora C2 CSophora leachianaOregon sullivantia C2 CSullivantia oreganaWayside aster C2 CAster vialisPeck's milk-vetch C2 CAstragalus peckiiHowell's mariposa lily C2 CCalochortus howell/iGreen-tinged paintbrush C2 CCastilleja chloroticaGentner's mission-bells C2 CFritillaria gentneriPurdy's lewisia C2 CLewisia cotyledon purdyiBellinger's meadowfoam C2 CLimnanthes floccosa bellingerianaCusick's lupine C2 CLupinus cusickiiBeardtongue C2 CPenstemon glaucinusWestern senecio C2 CSenecio hesperiusObscure Indian paintbrush C2Castilleja cryptanthaReedgrassC2Calamagrostis tweedyiShowy stickweedC1Hackelia venustaHinds' walnutC2Juglans hindsiiGairdner's yampahC2Perideridia gairdneri gairdneriBolander's beach pine C2Pinus contorta bolandenNorthcoast semaphore grass C2 RPleuropogon hooverianuscontinued-continues-
continued-Statusa.bOld ForestState Associationc Endemcid Priority RiparianSpecies Fed WA OR CA WA OR CA L B Species Associate References"'Columbia yellow-cress C2 CRorippa columbiaeTamalpais streptanthusC2Streptanthus batrachopusPit River jewelflowerC2Streptanthus ssp.Oat grass + 1Festuca californicaBedstraw + 1Gallium aparineIris + 1Iris tenuissimaMelic grass + 1Melica subulataSnowberry + 1Symphoricarpus mollisFungi and Lichens:No common name +Elaphomyces granulatusNo common name +Elaphomyces muricatusNo common name +Hysterangium crassirhachisNo common name +Hysterangium setcheli:No common name +Rhizopogon atroviolaceusNo common name +Tuber rufumrNo common name S +Oxyporus nobilissimusNo common name S 2Lobaria oregana orpulmonariaWA = Washington OR = Oregon CA = CaliforniaaFederal status: E = endangered, C candidate, C1 = category 1 candidate, taxa for which the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has sufficient informationto support a proposal to list as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. C2 = category 2 candidate, U S. Fish and Wildlife Servicecandidates that need additional information to propose as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act C3 = taxa which have proven tobe more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or which have no identifiable threats. This status is based only on the most recentlypublished Candidate Notice of Review.State status: CA: E = endangered, T = threatened, R = rare; WA: E = endangered, T = threatened, S = sensitive: OR: C = critical. Sources (State):Califomia Department of Fish and Game (1991b), Oregon Natural Heritage Program (1991), Washington Natural Heritage Program (1990).c+ = old-growth associated, * = close old-growth associated, ? = species not studied or data insufficient (see Ruggiero et al. 1991)dEndemic: L = local, B = broadly (see Ruggiero et al. (1991) for definition and list of endemic species).eReferences: 1) Bruce Bingham, Old-growth Douglas-fir Program, USFS, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Arcata, California (see administrativerecord). 2) Ruggiero et al. 1991.genus Lobariri occur primarily in the canopy of coniferous forests, and theirabundance in these canopies becomes greater as a stand develops into an oldgrowthforest. These organisms are characteristic of older forests in the PacificNorthwest and provide important food for several animal species, most notablyungulates and northern flying squirrels. These food sources are particularlyimportant during the winter when other foods are scarce. The most noblepolypore (Oxyporus nobiltssinius) has been found only three times and wasassociated with older forests on each occasion.The role of mycorrhizal fungi in coniferous forests is important to ecosystemfunction (Trappe and Fogel 1977) because of the symbiotic relationship betweentruffle fungi and the roots of vascular plants. Each organism derives abenefit from the relationship: the fungi take up nutrients such as potassium,phosphorus, nitrogen, and sodium, and these are translocated to the associatedconiferous trees. Conversely, the fungi depend on the host tree forphytosynthates of carbon. Small animals eat truffle fungi and disperse their363
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I 1.2:Sp 6/draftRecovery Plan for t
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List of FiguresTable 4.1 Abbreviate
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Recovery ObjectiveSecretary of the
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Management Rules for Designated Con
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Monitoring and Research ProgramThe
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Chapter IIntroduction1
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"Threatened species" means a specie
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B. The Interagency Scientific Commi
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lished works and many government do
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II.A. Natural History of theNorther
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I- \IzXelT - - -.11 I..., ... I.."
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spring. Territories probably are sm
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Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentil
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also use a variety of nest sites in
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Home Range SizeHome range is define
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Table 2.2. Median amounts of old-gr
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3. Life Historycannot reject the hy
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Dispersal1984, Thomas et al. 1990,
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4. ConclusionOur knowledge of the n
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Ca n a d aEastern Washington Cascad
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Table 2.3. Estimated spotted owl ha
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Table 2.4. Significant threats to t
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Table 2.5. Results of surveys for s
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isolated. In these provinces, small
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centers for 30 to 35 spotted owl te
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Southwest Washington occupies a key
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Distribution of Habitat and Populat
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Province Isolation. The eastern Was
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were in suitable habitat condition.
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Estimated acres of forest landbase:
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owned and contain little suitable h
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Vulnerability to Natural Disturbanc
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Douglas-fir/hardwood types, the lat
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miles from the contiguous populatio
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In comparison, the southern part of
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Sacramento River Canyon now provide
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On January 11, 1980, there was an a
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vation Strategy for the Northern Sp
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transfer of one area to the Grand R
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The BLM Spokane (Washington) Distri
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3. National Park ServiceThe followi
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The results of a consultation are s
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- Since landowners already face cut
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4. Cumulative Effects AssessmentThe
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Assessment, Planning, and Monitorin
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Spotted owl nesting sites and activ
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Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhance
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including wildlife. In other cases,
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Currently, the Yakima Indian Nation
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where timber harvest is limited to
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III.A. Recovery Objective and Delis
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4. The population is unlikely to ne
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Needs of other species should be co
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years. The strategy of managing for
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't0
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Finally, the plan recommends mainta
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A total of 1,181 pairs of owls has
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DKnown owlsin the OregonprovincesKn
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mologists, and representatives of o
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this prey species is an appropriate
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After 100 years residual snags will
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2. Fuelwood Gathering. If allowed,
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The application of prescriptions A,
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owls. (Refer to tables in section I
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PRESCRIPTION D -RETAIN OWLS IN MANA
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126
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DCA Management Plans.The recovery p
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Endangered Species Act) or through
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6. Costs to landowners should be re
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The real or perceived disincentives
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authority of the public body to ent
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* Use the recovery plan's recommend
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140
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Supplemental pair areas - Habitat d
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Numbers of owls currently are estim
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Biological goals and implementation
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ning. Also, several unsurveyed area
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Owl pairsKnown owlsin the province3
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- Initiate long-range planning effo
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Table 3.8. Summary comments on the
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from nonfederal lands are needed to
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Eastern Washington Cascades Provinc
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(Owl pairs140 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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habitat in DCA WD- 16. Approximatel
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Table 3.12. Summary comments on the
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Ttllwrnook/Astoria area. Provide su
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connectivity between key DCAs. This
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ITable 3.14. Summary comments on th
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crest of the Cascade Mountains. The
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sites on federal lands (figure 3.21
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Owl pairsL I 350- _ _ . ...........
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DCAs, often combined with adjacent
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Owl pairsLiKnown owlsin the provinc
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nesting and roosting habitat until
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Option 3: Management of clusters: g
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Table 3.21. Summary of acreage and
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Owl pairs -Known owlsin the provinc
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and to within 0.5 miles of the acti
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Spotted owls have been found at 86
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their distance from other sites. Ar
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* Recommend population and habitat
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away in some or all of the range. D
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4. What are the population dynamics
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If the monitoring and research prog
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lowlands, eastern Oregon Cascades,
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210
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Stepdown Outline1. Management Tasks
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Table 4.1 Abbreviated Cost TableThe
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continued-TaskPriorityResp. PartyCo
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218
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220
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and the number of invertebrate anim
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Table 5.2. Numbers of other species
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Amphibians and Reptiles: Larch Moun
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228
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230
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Barrows, C. W. 1980. Feeding ecolog
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Clark, R. J., D. G. Smith, and L. H
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Franklin, A. B., J. A. Blakesley, a
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Harestad, A. S., and F. L. Bunnell.
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Lundquist, R. W. and J. M. Mariani.
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O'Halloran, K. 1989. Spotted owl in
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Solis, D. M. 1980. Habitat use by n
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Young, K. D., A. B. Franklin, and J
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248
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250
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Table A.1. General approaches for e
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complete count of the territorial b
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Table A.3. Powera for various desig
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Table A.4. Illustration of a Markov
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Obviously, these statements hold on
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Table A.6. Reliability of trend est
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Demographic AnalysisAs noted earlie
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the estimate (using the simple equa
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however, we know little about the b
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Table A.8. Summary of information n
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predict the power achieved by diffe
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Other studiestached. If dispersing
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impractical at present. We describe
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Conclusionsthe year effect can be i
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280
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282
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284
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owls. Consequently, the issue of wh
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Use of the informationAssessments a
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Recent LiteratureWe might begin by
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Kerms (1989) measured habitat struc
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Hamer (pers. comm.) described 11 ne
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Table B.3. Percent hardwoods in the
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Table B.5. Comparison of habitats u
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Table B.8. Tree density (number of
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and numbers of trees, and percent o
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Under this hypothesis, owl fitness
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suitable habitat for that region (m
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ResultsDiscussionspotted owl habita
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__Discussiondata from 41 sites in t
Page 328 and 329: Recommendations for Future Research
Page 330 and 331: 314
Page 332 and 333: Hamer, T. 1988. Home range size of
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Page 336 and 337: 320
Page 338 and 339: Parameter Estimatesfor Individual S
Page 340 and 341: provided in Table C. 5. Study of th
Page 342 and 343: Table C.6. Summary of statistics re
Page 344 and 345: 3. ConclusionsThis source of bias i
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Page 348 and 349: Gray Wolf .........................
Page 350 and 351: formed during the initial meeting t
Page 352 and 353: provide habitat for the numerous sp
Page 354 and 355: The ApproachA committee of the Reco
Page 356 and 357: The List of Threatened and Endanger
Page 358 and 359: Mammalsoldest trees in a stand. Eig
Page 360 and 361: ABBFigure D. 1. Distribution of: a)
Page 362 and 363: KTable D.3. A list of threatened an
Page 364 and 365: Fishestheir dispersal capabilities
Page 366 and 367: OlympicNorthcoastalRockyMountainSou
Page 368 and 369: continued-StatusabState Considered
Page 370 and 371: continued-SpeciesColumbia sidebandM
Page 372 and 373: endemic to the Pacific Northwest).
Page 374 and 375: ------continued-SpeciesRhyacophila
Page 376 and 377: continued-SpeciesFed3tatusa bStateW
Page 380 and 381: Summaryspores (Maser et al. 1978b).
Page 382 and 383: Biology of Owl Prey, Older Forest A
Page 384 and 385: Woodrats.-The dusky-footed woodrat
Page 386 and 387: and are less restrictive under stat
Page 388 and 389: Stock concept.-The term "stock" was
Page 390 and 391: Table D.10. List of fish stocks of
Page 392 and 393: continued-Steelhead-owipu Sea-runTr
Page 394 and 395: continued-BasinHoodWillametteRogueS
Page 396 and 397: Table D.13. Washington streams (or
Page 398 and 399: inland distribution currently decre
Page 400 and 401: nesting territories in the three st
Page 402 and 403: However, little is known about the
Page 404 and 405: Fisher (Martes penncmti)Distributio
Page 406 and 407: at one time supported marten popula
Page 408 and 409: each population of these animals is
Page 410 and 411: species also is found under the bar
Page 412 and 413: few meters from water after heavy r
Page 414 and 415: In considering the needs of other s
Page 416 and 417: Barrows, C. W. 1981. Roost selectio
Page 418 and 419: Clark, T. W., E. Anderson, C. Dougl
Page 420 and 421: Hamer, T. E. 1991. Habitat relation
Page 422 and 423: Mannan, R. W., E. C. Meslow, and H.
Page 424 and 425: Oakley, A. L., Collins, J. A., Ever
Page 426 and 427: Solis, D. M. 1983. Summer habitat e
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Washington Natural Heritage Program
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414
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f. Wilderness.g. Livestock grazing.
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I. Monitoring.1. Northern spotted o
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420
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here will reduce some of that habit
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424
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426
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Selection of Forest TypesAt the tim
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eceive as little as 25 inches. Disc
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A. FireThe combination and interact
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Table F.4. Important forest insects
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continued-Common Name Causal Agent
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D. DiseasesForest diseases in the P
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III. Forest Protection in theWest C
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120 100200 500I~~~~.K446Figure F.4.
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InsectsDiseasesInsects in this subr
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__hardwoods are immune. Shade toler
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pests (Schowalter 1988). Black stai
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tion and initial attack. If manipul
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log and snag density was likely low
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B. Management Effects on StandsMana
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units (underburning or lop/scatter)
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In the higher elevation White Fir a
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growth often increases (Reinhardt a
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50rcc4*0-cC)2M CmZ13010-yearI ,...*
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In the East Cascades subregion fore
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The introduced disease, white pine
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VI. Conclusionsmortality will resul
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Baker, F.A. 1988. The influence of
Page 492 and 493:
Habeck, J.R. 1990. Old-growth ponde
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Perry, D.A., and J.G. Borchers. 199
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Weatherspoon, C.P., and C.N. Skinne
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482
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484
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area, structure, ages, location; ne
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Stand AFigure G.2. A--unthmnned Dou
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figure 0.3. Effects of thinning Dou
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II. Review of Natural Vegetation an
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western hemlock, and sometimes othe
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year intervals (Appendix F). With t
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Live crown ratiobecent)6050IStand A
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Basal area growth continued to incr
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technology probably will allow some
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Stand A. No activities (west side 3
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Stand A. No activities (west side o
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acre, 4 to 12 inches in diameter),
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allow redwood sprout clumps maximum
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KAge 15 years - 511 trees per acre,
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6Stems per acre100 _ Stand A. Natur
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Basal Area(square feetper acre)50 1
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* Opening the canopy in small patch
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Drew, T.J. and J.W. Flewelling. 197
Page 538 and 539:
Miller, R.E.; D.L. Reukema, and R.L
Page 540 and 541:
Tappeiner, J.C., P.M. McDonald, and
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526
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528
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6. Timber supply curve and economic
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scientifically credible biological
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E. Summary of Preliminary Estimates
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II. General Economic Principles for
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practices may be able to show how s
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Economic patterns show the efficien
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The sustainable yield concept that
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A. Previously Estimated Economic Co
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County receipts were estimated to d
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B. Potential Social Costs of Owl Co
Page 566 and 567:
The contrast between the behavior d
Page 568 and 569:
0U1 n1nDTable H.2. Economic depende
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cḻlTable H.4. Economic characteri
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An analysis completed by the State
Page 574 and 575:
V. Preliminary Evaluation of the Ec
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25-° 20/0M 15-a)CLU)0 10-0CL 5 -0)
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25 -- 20-0co/o 15--Da)a0a)10m~ C) 5
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forestlands. The costs of productio
Page 582 and 583:
In Figure H.8, the equilibrium betw
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foregone and the way they will save
Page 586 and 587:
The income created by the purchase
Page 588 and 589:
Two concepts are useful for underst
Page 590 and 591:
y an estimate of the price that wou
Page 592 and 593:
Table H.10. Comparison of timber em
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of the second year. The same assump
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are generally much lower than for c
Page 598 and 599:
582
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studies at University of Washington
Page 602 and 603:
586
Page 604 and 605:
Most significant late successionall
Page 606 and 607:
to evaluate options. Information in
Page 608 and 609:
Q0Table 1.1. Estimated acres and ow
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soTable 1.3. Estimated acres and ow
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01CDarTable 1.5. Size class distrib
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Table 1.8. Frequency distribution o
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Literature CitedThomas, J.W., E.D.
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602
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- The overlap of home ranges among
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Table J.2. Acreage and owl numbers
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continuedDCA Land AcreageIdent. Sta
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Table J.9. Acrea ?e and owl numbers
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continued-DCA LandIdent. StatusAcre
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-DCAIdent.LandStatusAcreageNRF Tota
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626
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Experience Includes: Assistant Dire
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Education: B.S. in forestry from Or
Page 648 and 649:
Team SupportCharles Bruce, Oregon D
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continued-1 5-24-91 Other SpeciesSu
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continued-9-16 thru9-20-919-19-91Sp
Page 654 and 655:
Perry, D. 1991. The ecology of coar
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2mandate the achievement of recover
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642
Page 660 and 661:
644
Page 662 and 663:
Aspect - the direction a slope face
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Congressionally classified and desi
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Empirical - derived from direct obs
Page 668 and 669:
Hummocky - a landscape characterize
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Mixed conifer - as used in this doc
Page 672 and 673:
Potential habitat - a stand of tree
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Sensitive species - those species t
Page 676 and 677:
Take -Uunder the Endangered Species
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wild, scenic, or recreational by an
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Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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