Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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continued-SpeciesColumbia sidebandMonodenia fide/is columbianaGreen sidebandMonadenia fidefis beryllicaTraveling sidebandMonadenia fiddelis celeuthiaYellow-base sidebandMonadenia fidelis ochromphalousTawny sidebandMonadenia fidelis leoninaNo common nameMonadenia fidelis klamathicaKlamath sidebandMonadenia churchiShasta chaparralTrilobopsis ropediTehama chaparralTrilobasis tehamanaShasta hesperianVespericola shastaSiskiyou hesperianVespericola sierranaLarge hesperianVespericola megasoma euthalesOregon megomphixMegomphix hemphilliWillamette floaterAnodonta wahiametensisNo common nameJuga (Oreobasis) chaceiNo common nameJuga (Oreobasis) orickensisRotund lanxLanx subrotundataNo common nameMonadenia callipeplusNo common nameMonadenia cristulataNo common nameMonadenia fidelis salmoniensisNo common nameMonadenia fidelis scottianaNo common nameMonadenia rotiferaHooded lancetoothHaplotrema voyanumOregon shoulderbandHelminthoglypta hertleiniEvening fieldslugDeroceras hesperiumCalifornia floater 02Anodonta californiensisStatusaStateFed WA OR CASCSCSCSCSCSCSCSCOld ForeStbAssociationXXXXXXXXXXXXXxxxxxxxxxxEndemnicb Priority RiparianL B Species AssociateWA,ORORORCACACACACACACACACAWA,ORSC SC SC xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx7xxxWA = Washington OR = Oregon CA = CaliforniaaStatus: E = endangered, T = threatened, C = candidate. C1 = cateorgy 1 candidate. taxa for which the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has sufficientinformation to support a proposal to list as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. 02 = category 2 candidate, U.S Fish andWildlife Service candidates that need additional information to propose as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act 03 = Taxawhich have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or which have no identifiable threats. This status is based only onthe most recent published Candidate Notice of Review SC = species of concemn (Frest and Johannes 1991).bFrest and Johannes (1991).,~L = local B = broadly354
Some examples of species with limited distribution include a largelyundescribed species cluster in Juga, restricted to a few streams in the WesternColumbia Gorge, Washington, and Oregon; the species Juga (C.) acutifilosa,known from only eight spring sites in northern California and southwestOregon; and Vorticifex neritoides and Physella columbiana, both restricted tothe lower 60 miles of the Columbia River. Narrowly endemic molluscs often areassociated closely with other endemic groups or species. For example, endemicarthopods and molluscs frequently inhabit the same springs in theColumbia River Gorge, and Fluminicola species are associated with the JennyCreek sucker and redband trout.In land and freshwater forms, most narrow endemics have been discoveredonly within the last decade and presumably many more will be found. Recently(spring and summer 1991), for example, a new endemic cluster of fiveFluminicola species was discovered that is restricted to two creeks and associatedsprings on the California-Oregon border in the Siskiyou Mountains.Arthropods and Other InvertebratesThe litter and soil of the forest floor are the site of some of the highest biologicaldiversity found anywhere. Scientists estimate that about 8,000 species ofarthropods inhabit a single study site in an Oregon old-growth forest, most ofthem in the soil (J. Lattin, A. Moldenke, Oregon State University, pers. comm.).To date taxonomists have been able to identify 3,400 arthropod species at theH.J. Andrews Experimental Forest (about 45 miles east of Eugene, Oregon)(Parsons et al. 1991). Invertebrates of the forest soil are critical in determiningthe long-term productivity of the forest. The soil under a square yard of forestmay hold as many as 200,000 mites from a single suborder, plus tens ofthousands of other mites, beetles, centipedes, pseudoscorpions, springtails,and "microspiders." Most of these species probably are undescribed. Thestructure and function of temperate forest soils may be determined by thedietary habits of the soil arthropods. They are the basic consumers of theforest floor where they ingest and process massive amounts of organic litterand debris, from large logs to bits of moss. The richness of arthropod speciesin old-growth forests suggests a great number of different processes andfunctions, but little is known about how these arthropods interact and survive.There are a number of species prominent in older forests that occur infrequentlyin young forests: further study undoudtedly will reveal others (A.Moldenke, Oregon State University, pers. comm.).Fifty-nine species of arthropods within the range of the northern spotted owlare listed as "species of special concern" or category 2 candidate species forfederal listing (Table D.6). Thirty-four species are category 2 candidate speciesand the remainder are designated "species of special concern". Thirty-four ofthe species are aquatic and 25 are terrestrial forms. Twenty-two of the speciesare endemic to Oregon; six to California, and none is found in all three states.This list is not exhaustive, but is representative.Several significant points can be made about the arthropods as a group thatare relevant to the recovery plan for spotted owls. First, many species areflightless, which means that their dispersal capabilities are limited. Second,the flightless condition is believed to reflect habitat stability and permanenceover a long time period. Some old forest associates have highly disjunctdistributions and are found only in undisturbed forests. They share similardistribution patterns on the west side of the Cascade Mountains from BritishColumbia south to southern Oregon and northern California (i.e., they are355
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I 1.2:Sp 6/draftRecovery Plan for t
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List of FiguresTable 4.1 Abbreviate
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Recovery ObjectiveSecretary of the
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Management Rules for Designated Con
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Monitoring and Research ProgramThe
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Chapter IIntroduction1
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"Threatened species" means a specie
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B. The Interagency Scientific Commi
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lished works and many government do
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II.A. Natural History of theNorther
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I- \IzXelT - - -.11 I..., ... I.."
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spring. Territories probably are sm
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Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentil
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also use a variety of nest sites in
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Home Range SizeHome range is define
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Table 2.2. Median amounts of old-gr
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3. Life Historycannot reject the hy
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Dispersal1984, Thomas et al. 1990,
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4. ConclusionOur knowledge of the n
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Ca n a d aEastern Washington Cascad
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Table 2.3. Estimated spotted owl ha
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Table 2.4. Significant threats to t
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Table 2.5. Results of surveys for s
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isolated. In these provinces, small
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centers for 30 to 35 spotted owl te
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Southwest Washington occupies a key
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Distribution of Habitat and Populat
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Province Isolation. The eastern Was
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were in suitable habitat condition.
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Estimated acres of forest landbase:
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owned and contain little suitable h
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Vulnerability to Natural Disturbanc
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Douglas-fir/hardwood types, the lat
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miles from the contiguous populatio
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In comparison, the southern part of
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Sacramento River Canyon now provide
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On January 11, 1980, there was an a
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vation Strategy for the Northern Sp
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transfer of one area to the Grand R
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The BLM Spokane (Washington) Distri
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3. National Park ServiceThe followi
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The results of a consultation are s
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- Since landowners already face cut
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4. Cumulative Effects AssessmentThe
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Assessment, Planning, and Monitorin
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Spotted owl nesting sites and activ
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Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhance
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including wildlife. In other cases,
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Currently, the Yakima Indian Nation
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where timber harvest is limited to
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III.A. Recovery Objective and Delis
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4. The population is unlikely to ne
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Needs of other species should be co
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years. The strategy of managing for
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't0
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Finally, the plan recommends mainta
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A total of 1,181 pairs of owls has
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DKnown owlsin the OregonprovincesKn
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mologists, and representatives of o
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this prey species is an appropriate
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After 100 years residual snags will
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2. Fuelwood Gathering. If allowed,
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The application of prescriptions A,
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owls. (Refer to tables in section I
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PRESCRIPTION D -RETAIN OWLS IN MANA
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126
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DCA Management Plans.The recovery p
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Endangered Species Act) or through
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6. Costs to landowners should be re
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The real or perceived disincentives
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authority of the public body to ent
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* Use the recovery plan's recommend
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140
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Supplemental pair areas - Habitat d
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Numbers of owls currently are estim
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Biological goals and implementation
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ning. Also, several unsurveyed area
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Owl pairsKnown owlsin the province3
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- Initiate long-range planning effo
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Table 3.8. Summary comments on the
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from nonfederal lands are needed to
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Eastern Washington Cascades Provinc
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(Owl pairs140 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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habitat in DCA WD- 16. Approximatel
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Table 3.12. Summary comments on the
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Ttllwrnook/Astoria area. Provide su
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connectivity between key DCAs. This
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ITable 3.14. Summary comments on th
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crest of the Cascade Mountains. The
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sites on federal lands (figure 3.21
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Owl pairsL I 350- _ _ . ...........
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DCAs, often combined with adjacent
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Owl pairsLiKnown owlsin the provinc
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nesting and roosting habitat until
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Option 3: Management of clusters: g
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Table 3.21. Summary of acreage and
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Owl pairs -Known owlsin the provinc
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and to within 0.5 miles of the acti
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Spotted owls have been found at 86
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their distance from other sites. Ar
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* Recommend population and habitat
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away in some or all of the range. D
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4. What are the population dynamics
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If the monitoring and research prog
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lowlands, eastern Oregon Cascades,
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210
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Stepdown Outline1. Management Tasks
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Table 4.1 Abbreviated Cost TableThe
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continued-TaskPriorityResp. PartyCo
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218
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220
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and the number of invertebrate anim
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Table 5.2. Numbers of other species
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Amphibians and Reptiles: Larch Moun
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228
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230
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Barrows, C. W. 1980. Feeding ecolog
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Clark, R. J., D. G. Smith, and L. H
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Franklin, A. B., J. A. Blakesley, a
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Harestad, A. S., and F. L. Bunnell.
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Lundquist, R. W. and J. M. Mariani.
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O'Halloran, K. 1989. Spotted owl in
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Solis, D. M. 1980. Habitat use by n
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Young, K. D., A. B. Franklin, and J
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248
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250
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Table A.1. General approaches for e
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complete count of the territorial b
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Table A.3. Powera for various desig
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Table A.4. Illustration of a Markov
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Obviously, these statements hold on
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Table A.6. Reliability of trend est
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Demographic AnalysisAs noted earlie
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the estimate (using the simple equa
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however, we know little about the b
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Table A.8. Summary of information n
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predict the power achieved by diffe
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Other studiestached. If dispersing
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impractical at present. We describe
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Conclusionsthe year effect can be i
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280
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282
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284
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owls. Consequently, the issue of wh
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Use of the informationAssessments a
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Recent LiteratureWe might begin by
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Kerms (1989) measured habitat struc
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Hamer (pers. comm.) described 11 ne
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Table B.3. Percent hardwoods in the
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Table B.5. Comparison of habitats u
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Table B.8. Tree density (number of
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and numbers of trees, and percent o
Page 320 and 321: Under this hypothesis, owl fitness
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Page 324 and 325: ResultsDiscussionspotted owl habita
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Page 328 and 329: Recommendations for Future Research
Page 330 and 331: 314
Page 332 and 333: Hamer, T. 1988. Home range size of
Page 334 and 335: 318
Page 336 and 337: 320
Page 338 and 339: Parameter Estimatesfor Individual S
Page 340 and 341: provided in Table C. 5. Study of th
Page 342 and 343: Table C.6. Summary of statistics re
Page 344 and 345: 3. ConclusionsThis source of bias i
Page 346 and 347: 330
Page 348 and 349: Gray Wolf .........................
Page 350 and 351: formed during the initial meeting t
Page 352 and 353: provide habitat for the numerous sp
Page 354 and 355: The ApproachA committee of the Reco
Page 356 and 357: The List of Threatened and Endanger
Page 358 and 359: Mammalsoldest trees in a stand. Eig
Page 360 and 361: ABBFigure D. 1. Distribution of: a)
Page 362 and 363: KTable D.3. A list of threatened an
Page 364 and 365: Fishestheir dispersal capabilities
Page 366 and 367: OlympicNorthcoastalRockyMountainSou
Page 368 and 369: continued-StatusabState Considered
Page 372 and 373: endemic to the Pacific Northwest).
Page 374 and 375: ------continued-SpeciesRhyacophila
Page 376 and 377: continued-SpeciesFed3tatusa bStateW
Page 378 and 379: StatusasbOld ForestState Associatio
Page 380 and 381: Summaryspores (Maser et al. 1978b).
Page 382 and 383: Biology of Owl Prey, Older Forest A
Page 384 and 385: Woodrats.-The dusky-footed woodrat
Page 386 and 387: and are less restrictive under stat
Page 388 and 389: Stock concept.-The term "stock" was
Page 390 and 391: Table D.10. List of fish stocks of
Page 392 and 393: continued-Steelhead-owipu Sea-runTr
Page 394 and 395: continued-BasinHoodWillametteRogueS
Page 396 and 397: Table D.13. Washington streams (or
Page 398 and 399: inland distribution currently decre
Page 400 and 401: nesting territories in the three st
Page 402 and 403: However, little is known about the
Page 404 and 405: Fisher (Martes penncmti)Distributio
Page 406 and 407: at one time supported marten popula
Page 408 and 409: each population of these animals is
Page 410 and 411: species also is found under the bar
Page 412 and 413: few meters from water after heavy r
Page 414 and 415: In considering the needs of other s
Page 416 and 417: Barrows, C. W. 1981. Roost selectio
Page 418 and 419: Clark, T. W., E. Anderson, C. Dougl
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Hamer, T. E. 1991. Habitat relation
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Mannan, R. W., E. C. Meslow, and H.
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Oakley, A. L., Collins, J. A., Ever
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Solis, D. M. 1983. Summer habitat e
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Washington Natural Heritage Program
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414
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f. Wilderness.g. Livestock grazing.
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I. Monitoring.1. Northern spotted o
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420
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here will reduce some of that habit
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424
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426
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Selection of Forest TypesAt the tim
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eceive as little as 25 inches. Disc
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A. FireThe combination and interact
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Table F.4. Important forest insects
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continued-Common Name Causal Agent
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D. DiseasesForest diseases in the P
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III. Forest Protection in theWest C
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120 100200 500I~~~~.K446Figure F.4.
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InsectsDiseasesInsects in this subr
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__hardwoods are immune. Shade toler
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pests (Schowalter 1988). Black stai
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tion and initial attack. If manipul
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log and snag density was likely low
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B. Management Effects on StandsMana
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units (underburning or lop/scatter)
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In the higher elevation White Fir a
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growth often increases (Reinhardt a
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50rcc4*0-cC)2M CmZ13010-yearI ,...*
Page 484 and 485:
In the East Cascades subregion fore
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The introduced disease, white pine
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VI. Conclusionsmortality will resul
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Baker, F.A. 1988. The influence of
Page 492 and 493:
Habeck, J.R. 1990. Old-growth ponde
Page 494 and 495:
Perry, D.A., and J.G. Borchers. 199
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Weatherspoon, C.P., and C.N. Skinne
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482
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484
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area, structure, ages, location; ne
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Stand AFigure G.2. A--unthmnned Dou
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figure 0.3. Effects of thinning Dou
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II. Review of Natural Vegetation an
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western hemlock, and sometimes othe
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year intervals (Appendix F). With t
Page 514 and 515:
Live crown ratiobecent)6050IStand A
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Basal area growth continued to incr
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technology probably will allow some
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Stand A. No activities (west side 3
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Stand A. No activities (west side o
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acre, 4 to 12 inches in diameter),
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allow redwood sprout clumps maximum
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KAge 15 years - 511 trees per acre,
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6Stems per acre100 _ Stand A. Natur
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Basal Area(square feetper acre)50 1
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* Opening the canopy in small patch
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Drew, T.J. and J.W. Flewelling. 197
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Miller, R.E.; D.L. Reukema, and R.L
Page 540 and 541:
Tappeiner, J.C., P.M. McDonald, and
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526
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528
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6. Timber supply curve and economic
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scientifically credible biological
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E. Summary of Preliminary Estimates
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II. General Economic Principles for
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practices may be able to show how s
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Economic patterns show the efficien
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The sustainable yield concept that
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A. Previously Estimated Economic Co
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County receipts were estimated to d
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B. Potential Social Costs of Owl Co
Page 566 and 567:
The contrast between the behavior d
Page 568 and 569:
0U1 n1nDTable H.2. Economic depende
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cḻlTable H.4. Economic characteri
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An analysis completed by the State
Page 574 and 575:
V. Preliminary Evaluation of the Ec
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25-° 20/0M 15-a)CLU)0 10-0CL 5 -0)
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25 -- 20-0co/o 15--Da)a0a)10m~ C) 5
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forestlands. The costs of productio
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In Figure H.8, the equilibrium betw
Page 584 and 585:
foregone and the way they will save
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The income created by the purchase
Page 588 and 589:
Two concepts are useful for underst
Page 590 and 591:
y an estimate of the price that wou
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Table H.10. Comparison of timber em
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of the second year. The same assump
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are generally much lower than for c
Page 598 and 599:
582
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studies at University of Washington
Page 602 and 603:
586
Page 604 and 605:
Most significant late successionall
Page 606 and 607:
to evaluate options. Information in
Page 608 and 609:
Q0Table 1.1. Estimated acres and ow
Page 610 and 611:
soTable 1.3. Estimated acres and ow
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01CDarTable 1.5. Size class distrib
Page 614 and 615:
Table 1.8. Frequency distribution o
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Literature CitedThomas, J.W., E.D.
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602
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- The overlap of home ranges among
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Table J.2. Acreage and owl numbers
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continuedDCA Land AcreageIdent. Sta
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Page 628 and 629:
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Page 634 and 635:
Table J.9. Acrea ?e and owl numbers
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continued-DCA LandIdent. StatusAcre
Page 640 and 641:
-DCAIdent.LandStatusAcreageNRF Tota
Page 642 and 643:
626
Page 644 and 645:
Experience Includes: Assistant Dire
Page 646 and 647:
Education: B.S. in forestry from Or
Page 648 and 649:
Team SupportCharles Bruce, Oregon D
Page 650 and 651:
continued-1 5-24-91 Other SpeciesSu
Page 652 and 653:
continued-9-16 thru9-20-919-19-91Sp
Page 654 and 655:
Perry, D. 1991. The ecology of coar
Page 656 and 657:
2mandate the achievement of recover
Page 658 and 659:
642
Page 660 and 661:
644
Page 662 and 663:
Aspect - the direction a slope face
Page 664 and 665:
Congressionally classified and desi
Page 666 and 667:
Empirical - derived from direct obs
Page 668 and 669:
Hummocky - a landscape characterize
Page 670 and 671:
Mixed conifer - as used in this doc
Page 672 and 673:
Potential habitat - a stand of tree
Page 674 and 675:
Sensitive species - those species t
Page 676 and 677:
Take -Uunder the Endangered Species
Page 678:
wild, scenic, or recreational by an
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Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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