Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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continued-StatusabState Considered Priority RiparianSpecies Fed WA OR CA at Rlskc Species AssociateSockeye salmon X X XOncorhynchus nerkaSummer chinook salmon X X XOncorhynchus tshawytschaSummer steelhead trout SC X X XOncorhynchus mykissTidewater goby C2 SC X XEucylogobius newberryiTomales roach SC XLavinia symmetricus subsp.Umpqua chub SR XOregonichthys kalawatsetiOregon chub PrE SR XOregonichthys crameriWinter steelhead trout X X XOncorhynchus mykissWA = Washington OR = Oregon CA = CaliforniaaFederal status: E = endangered, T = threatened, C = candidate, C2 = category 2 candidate, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service candidatesthat need additional information to propose as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. PrE = proposed endangered.Pet = petition pending.bState status: WA: C = candidate, M = monitor, X = extirpated, G = game; OR: SC = sensitive (critical), SV = sensitive (vulnerable),SR = sensitive (rare), SU = sensitive (undetermined), X = extirpated; CA: SCT = state candidate for listing as threatened, SC = species ofconcern, E = endangered Sources (states): California Department of Fish and Game (1991a). Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife(1991), Washington Department of Wildlife (1991a and 1991 b).CSee Moyle et al. (1989), Nehlsen et al. (1991), Williams et al. (1989).There are sizable endemic species clusters in the land snail genera Monadenta,7Tllobopsts, Megomphix, Haplotrema, Vespericola, and Hemphillto Physicalfactors limiting their distribution include geologic history, substrate (some arerestricted to limestone, e.g., the candidate Monadenia troglodytes, endemic tothe Siskiyou Mountains and the area around Mt. Shasta), moisture requirements,and cover. In general, land snails in this region require relativelyundisturbed cover. Most thrive in lowland forests and the areas aroundsprings. Many species seem to be associated specifically with lowland oldgrowthforests, and most are extremely limited in distribution. The malonejumping slug, HemphillMa malonei occurs only on the slopes of Mt. Hood. Thegenus Megomphix is known only from sites in the Puget Sound region and inthe Willapa Hills, of southwest Washington. In recent years, only one site hasbeen found to support Megomphix hemphilli.The delineation of freshwater mollusc provinces is similar to that of land snails.The Pacific drainage is situated similarly to the coastal land snail provinces.The Columbia drainage is a separate unit; and the Interior drainage provinceintersects the owl range in northern California. Endemic clusters are notedmost in the family Hydrobiidae and in the genus Juga. The family Lancidae ismostly coastal and occurs mainly in a few streams in southwest Oregon andnorthwest California. Species confined to single streams or springs are notuncommon. Many small and some large taxa are restricted to particularstreams in the area such as, the Rogue and Umpqua systems in Oregon; theKlamath and upper Sacramento in California; the lower Columbia and ColumbiaGorge in Washington and Oregon; or to one or a few coastal streams.Generally, molluscs are affected by any increase in siltation, decrease in flow,nutrient enrichment, and damming or other flow impediments. The rare andendemic forms are particularly affected.352
Table D.5. A list of molluscs that are candidates for listing and are of special concernin the range of the northern spotted owl.StatusaSpecies FedStateWA OR CAOld ForestbAssociationEndemlcbL BPrioritySpeciesRiparianAssociateColumbia pebblesnail C2Fluminicola columbianaShortface lanxC3Fisherola nuttalli nuttalliDalles sidebandC2Monadenia fidelis minorNo common name C2Monadenia troglodytes chaceanaShasta sidebandC2Monadenia troglodytes troglodytesWintu sidebandC2Monadenia troglodytes wintuRocky coast sideband C2Monadenia fidelis pronotisTrinity bristlesnailC2Monadenia setosaKarok hesperianC1Vespericola karokorumBarrenjugaSCJuga hemphilli hemphilliDalles jugaSCJuga hemphilli dallesensisNo common nameSCJuga hemphilli subsp.Brown jugaSCJuga (J.) n. sp. 1Tall jugaJuga (J.) n. sp. 3No common nameSCJuga (O.) n. sp. 1No common nameJuga (O.) n. sp. 2Scalloped jugaJuga (C.) actifilosaTopaz jugaJuga (C.) occataNo common nameSCAmnicola (L.) n. sp.Nerite rams-hornSCVorticifex neritoidesRotund physaSCPhyse/la columbianaVagrant pebblesnailFlumimicola semninalisHighcap lanxLanx altaKneecap lanxLanx patelloidesGreat Basin rams-hornHelisoma newberryi newberryiColumbia hesperianSCVespericola columbiana columbianaMalone jumping-slugHemphillia malonelPanther jumping-slugSCHemphillia panthennaWarty jumping-slugSCHemphillia glandulosa glandulosaBurrington jumping-slugSCHemphillia barrington,Blue-gray tail-dropperSCProphysaon coeruleumPapillose tail-dropperSCProphysaon dublumSCSCSCSCSCSCSCSCSCSCSCSCSCSCSCSCSCSCSCSCTXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWA,ORWA,ORCACACACACACAWA,ORWA,ORWA,ORWA,ORORWAORORCAORWA,ORWA,ORWA,OROR,CAOR,CAOR,CAOR,CAWA,ORORWAWA,ORWAWA,ORWA,ORWA,ORxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxcontinues-Q rZQo;}o
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I 1.2:Sp 6/draftRecovery Plan for t
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List of FiguresTable 4.1 Abbreviate
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Recovery ObjectiveSecretary of the
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Management Rules for Designated Con
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Monitoring and Research ProgramThe
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Chapter IIntroduction1
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"Threatened species" means a specie
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B. The Interagency Scientific Commi
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lished works and many government do
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II.A. Natural History of theNorther
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I- \IzXelT - - -.11 I..., ... I.."
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spring. Territories probably are sm
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Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentil
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also use a variety of nest sites in
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Home Range SizeHome range is define
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Table 2.2. Median amounts of old-gr
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3. Life Historycannot reject the hy
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Dispersal1984, Thomas et al. 1990,
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4. ConclusionOur knowledge of the n
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Ca n a d aEastern Washington Cascad
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Table 2.3. Estimated spotted owl ha
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Table 2.4. Significant threats to t
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Table 2.5. Results of surveys for s
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isolated. In these provinces, small
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centers for 30 to 35 spotted owl te
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Southwest Washington occupies a key
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Distribution of Habitat and Populat
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Province Isolation. The eastern Was
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were in suitable habitat condition.
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Estimated acres of forest landbase:
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owned and contain little suitable h
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Vulnerability to Natural Disturbanc
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Douglas-fir/hardwood types, the lat
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miles from the contiguous populatio
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In comparison, the southern part of
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Sacramento River Canyon now provide
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On January 11, 1980, there was an a
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vation Strategy for the Northern Sp
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transfer of one area to the Grand R
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The BLM Spokane (Washington) Distri
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3. National Park ServiceThe followi
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The results of a consultation are s
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- Since landowners already face cut
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4. Cumulative Effects AssessmentThe
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Assessment, Planning, and Monitorin
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Spotted owl nesting sites and activ
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Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhance
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including wildlife. In other cases,
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Currently, the Yakima Indian Nation
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where timber harvest is limited to
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III.A. Recovery Objective and Delis
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4. The population is unlikely to ne
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Needs of other species should be co
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years. The strategy of managing for
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't0
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Finally, the plan recommends mainta
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A total of 1,181 pairs of owls has
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DKnown owlsin the OregonprovincesKn
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mologists, and representatives of o
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this prey species is an appropriate
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After 100 years residual snags will
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2. Fuelwood Gathering. If allowed,
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The application of prescriptions A,
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owls. (Refer to tables in section I
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PRESCRIPTION D -RETAIN OWLS IN MANA
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126
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DCA Management Plans.The recovery p
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Endangered Species Act) or through
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6. Costs to landowners should be re
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The real or perceived disincentives
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authority of the public body to ent
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* Use the recovery plan's recommend
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140
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Supplemental pair areas - Habitat d
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Numbers of owls currently are estim
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Biological goals and implementation
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ning. Also, several unsurveyed area
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Owl pairsKnown owlsin the province3
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- Initiate long-range planning effo
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Table 3.8. Summary comments on the
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from nonfederal lands are needed to
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Eastern Washington Cascades Provinc
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(Owl pairs140 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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habitat in DCA WD- 16. Approximatel
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Table 3.12. Summary comments on the
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Ttllwrnook/Astoria area. Provide su
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connectivity between key DCAs. This
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ITable 3.14. Summary comments on th
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crest of the Cascade Mountains. The
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sites on federal lands (figure 3.21
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Owl pairsL I 350- _ _ . ...........
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DCAs, often combined with adjacent
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Owl pairsLiKnown owlsin the provinc
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nesting and roosting habitat until
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Option 3: Management of clusters: g
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Table 3.21. Summary of acreage and
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Owl pairs -Known owlsin the provinc
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and to within 0.5 miles of the acti
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Spotted owls have been found at 86
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their distance from other sites. Ar
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* Recommend population and habitat
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away in some or all of the range. D
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4. What are the population dynamics
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If the monitoring and research prog
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lowlands, eastern Oregon Cascades,
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210
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Stepdown Outline1. Management Tasks
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Table 4.1 Abbreviated Cost TableThe
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continued-TaskPriorityResp. PartyCo
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218
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220
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and the number of invertebrate anim
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Table 5.2. Numbers of other species
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Amphibians and Reptiles: Larch Moun
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228
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230
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Barrows, C. W. 1980. Feeding ecolog
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Clark, R. J., D. G. Smith, and L. H
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Franklin, A. B., J. A. Blakesley, a
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Harestad, A. S., and F. L. Bunnell.
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Lundquist, R. W. and J. M. Mariani.
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O'Halloran, K. 1989. Spotted owl in
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Solis, D. M. 1980. Habitat use by n
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Young, K. D., A. B. Franklin, and J
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248
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250
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Table A.1. General approaches for e
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complete count of the territorial b
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Table A.3. Powera for various desig
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Table A.4. Illustration of a Markov
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Obviously, these statements hold on
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Table A.6. Reliability of trend est
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Demographic AnalysisAs noted earlie
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the estimate (using the simple equa
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however, we know little about the b
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Table A.8. Summary of information n
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predict the power achieved by diffe
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Other studiestached. If dispersing
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impractical at present. We describe
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Conclusionsthe year effect can be i
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280
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282
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284
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owls. Consequently, the issue of wh
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Use of the informationAssessments a
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Recent LiteratureWe might begin by
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Kerms (1989) measured habitat struc
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Hamer (pers. comm.) described 11 ne
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Table B.3. Percent hardwoods in the
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Table B.5. Comparison of habitats u
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Table B.8. Tree density (number of
Page 318 and 319: and numbers of trees, and percent o
Page 320 and 321: Under this hypothesis, owl fitness
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Page 324 and 325: ResultsDiscussionspotted owl habita
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Page 328 and 329: Recommendations for Future Research
Page 330 and 331: 314
Page 332 and 333: Hamer, T. 1988. Home range size of
Page 334 and 335: 318
Page 336 and 337: 320
Page 338 and 339: Parameter Estimatesfor Individual S
Page 340 and 341: provided in Table C. 5. Study of th
Page 342 and 343: Table C.6. Summary of statistics re
Page 344 and 345: 3. ConclusionsThis source of bias i
Page 346 and 347: 330
Page 348 and 349: Gray Wolf .........................
Page 350 and 351: formed during the initial meeting t
Page 352 and 353: provide habitat for the numerous sp
Page 354 and 355: The ApproachA committee of the Reco
Page 356 and 357: The List of Threatened and Endanger
Page 358 and 359: Mammalsoldest trees in a stand. Eig
Page 360 and 361: ABBFigure D. 1. Distribution of: a)
Page 362 and 363: KTable D.3. A list of threatened an
Page 364 and 365: Fishestheir dispersal capabilities
Page 366 and 367: OlympicNorthcoastalRockyMountainSou
Page 370 and 371: continued-SpeciesColumbia sidebandM
Page 372 and 373: endemic to the Pacific Northwest).
Page 374 and 375: ------continued-SpeciesRhyacophila
Page 376 and 377: continued-SpeciesFed3tatusa bStateW
Page 378 and 379: StatusasbOld ForestState Associatio
Page 380 and 381: Summaryspores (Maser et al. 1978b).
Page 382 and 383: Biology of Owl Prey, Older Forest A
Page 384 and 385: Woodrats.-The dusky-footed woodrat
Page 386 and 387: and are less restrictive under stat
Page 388 and 389: Stock concept.-The term "stock" was
Page 390 and 391: Table D.10. List of fish stocks of
Page 392 and 393: continued-Steelhead-owipu Sea-runTr
Page 394 and 395: continued-BasinHoodWillametteRogueS
Page 396 and 397: Table D.13. Washington streams (or
Page 398 and 399: inland distribution currently decre
Page 400 and 401: nesting territories in the three st
Page 402 and 403: However, little is known about the
Page 404 and 405: Fisher (Martes penncmti)Distributio
Page 406 and 407: at one time supported marten popula
Page 408 and 409: each population of these animals is
Page 410 and 411: species also is found under the bar
Page 412 and 413: few meters from water after heavy r
Page 414 and 415: In considering the needs of other s
Page 416 and 417: Barrows, C. W. 1981. Roost selectio
Page 418 and 419:
Clark, T. W., E. Anderson, C. Dougl
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Hamer, T. E. 1991. Habitat relation
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Mannan, R. W., E. C. Meslow, and H.
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Oakley, A. L., Collins, J. A., Ever
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Solis, D. M. 1983. Summer habitat e
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Washington Natural Heritage Program
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414
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f. Wilderness.g. Livestock grazing.
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I. Monitoring.1. Northern spotted o
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420
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here will reduce some of that habit
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424
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426
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Selection of Forest TypesAt the tim
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eceive as little as 25 inches. Disc
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A. FireThe combination and interact
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Table F.4. Important forest insects
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continued-Common Name Causal Agent
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D. DiseasesForest diseases in the P
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III. Forest Protection in theWest C
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120 100200 500I~~~~.K446Figure F.4.
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InsectsDiseasesInsects in this subr
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__hardwoods are immune. Shade toler
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pests (Schowalter 1988). Black stai
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tion and initial attack. If manipul
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log and snag density was likely low
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B. Management Effects on StandsMana
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units (underburning or lop/scatter)
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In the higher elevation White Fir a
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growth often increases (Reinhardt a
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50rcc4*0-cC)2M CmZ13010-yearI ,...*
Page 484 and 485:
In the East Cascades subregion fore
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The introduced disease, white pine
Page 488 and 489:
VI. Conclusionsmortality will resul
Page 490 and 491:
Baker, F.A. 1988. The influence of
Page 492 and 493:
Habeck, J.R. 1990. Old-growth ponde
Page 494 and 495:
Perry, D.A., and J.G. Borchers. 199
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Weatherspoon, C.P., and C.N. Skinne
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482
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484
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area, structure, ages, location; ne
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Stand AFigure G.2. A--unthmnned Dou
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figure 0.3. Effects of thinning Dou
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II. Review of Natural Vegetation an
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western hemlock, and sometimes othe
Page 512 and 513:
year intervals (Appendix F). With t
Page 514 and 515:
Live crown ratiobecent)6050IStand A
Page 516 and 517:
Basal area growth continued to incr
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technology probably will allow some
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Stand A. No activities (west side 3
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Stand A. No activities (west side o
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acre, 4 to 12 inches in diameter),
Page 526 and 527:
allow redwood sprout clumps maximum
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KAge 15 years - 511 trees per acre,
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6Stems per acre100 _ Stand A. Natur
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Basal Area(square feetper acre)50 1
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* Opening the canopy in small patch
Page 536 and 537:
Drew, T.J. and J.W. Flewelling. 197
Page 538 and 539:
Miller, R.E.; D.L. Reukema, and R.L
Page 540 and 541:
Tappeiner, J.C., P.M. McDonald, and
Page 542 and 543:
526
Page 544 and 545:
528
Page 546 and 547:
6. Timber supply curve and economic
Page 548 and 549:
scientifically credible biological
Page 550 and 551:
E. Summary of Preliminary Estimates
Page 552 and 553:
II. General Economic Principles for
Page 554 and 555:
practices may be able to show how s
Page 556 and 557:
Economic patterns show the efficien
Page 558 and 559:
The sustainable yield concept that
Page 560 and 561:
A. Previously Estimated Economic Co
Page 562 and 563:
County receipts were estimated to d
Page 564 and 565:
B. Potential Social Costs of Owl Co
Page 566 and 567:
The contrast between the behavior d
Page 568 and 569:
0U1 n1nDTable H.2. Economic depende
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cḻlTable H.4. Economic characteri
Page 572 and 573:
An analysis completed by the State
Page 574 and 575:
V. Preliminary Evaluation of the Ec
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25-° 20/0M 15-a)CLU)0 10-0CL 5 -0)
Page 578 and 579:
25 -- 20-0co/o 15--Da)a0a)10m~ C) 5
Page 580 and 581:
forestlands. The costs of productio
Page 582 and 583:
In Figure H.8, the equilibrium betw
Page 584 and 585:
foregone and the way they will save
Page 586 and 587:
The income created by the purchase
Page 588 and 589:
Two concepts are useful for underst
Page 590 and 591:
y an estimate of the price that wou
Page 592 and 593:
Table H.10. Comparison of timber em
Page 594 and 595:
of the second year. The same assump
Page 596 and 597:
are generally much lower than for c
Page 598 and 599:
582
Page 600 and 601:
studies at University of Washington
Page 602 and 603:
586
Page 604 and 605:
Most significant late successionall
Page 606 and 607:
to evaluate options. Information in
Page 608 and 609:
Q0Table 1.1. Estimated acres and ow
Page 610 and 611:
soTable 1.3. Estimated acres and ow
Page 612 and 613:
01CDarTable 1.5. Size class distrib
Page 614 and 615:
Table 1.8. Frequency distribution o
Page 616 and 617:
Literature CitedThomas, J.W., E.D.
Page 618 and 619:
602
Page 620 and 621:
- The overlap of home ranges among
Page 622 and 623:
Table J.2. Acreage and owl numbers
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continuedDCA Land AcreageIdent. Sta
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Page 628 and 629:
Page 630 and 631:
Page 632 and 633:
Page 634 and 635:
Table J.9. Acrea ?e and owl numbers
Page 636 and 637:
Page 638 and 639:
continued-DCA LandIdent. StatusAcre
Page 640 and 641:
-DCAIdent.LandStatusAcreageNRF Tota
Page 642 and 643:
626
Page 644 and 645:
Experience Includes: Assistant Dire
Page 646 and 647:
Education: B.S. in forestry from Or
Page 648 and 649:
Team SupportCharles Bruce, Oregon D
Page 650 and 651:
continued-1 5-24-91 Other SpeciesSu
Page 652 and 653:
continued-9-16 thru9-20-919-19-91Sp
Page 654 and 655:
Perry, D. 1991. The ecology of coar
Page 656 and 657:
2mandate the achievement of recover
Page 658 and 659:
642
Page 660 and 661:
644
Page 662 and 663:
Aspect - the direction a slope face
Page 664 and 665:
Congressionally classified and desi
Page 666 and 667:
Empirical - derived from direct obs
Page 668 and 669:
Hummocky - a landscape characterize
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Mixed conifer - as used in this doc
Page 672 and 673:
Potential habitat - a stand of tree
Page 674 and 675:
Sensitive species - those species t
Page 676 and 677:
Take -Uunder the Endangered Species
Page 678:
wild, scenic, or recreational by an
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Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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