Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Mammalsoldest trees in a stand. Eight of the species on the list belong to a group ofbirds, the cavity-nesters (pileated woodpecker, white-headed woodpecker,black-backed woodpecker, red-breasted sapsucker, chestnut-backed chickadee,winter wren, red-breasted nuthatch, and flammulated owl), that requiresnags for nesting and/or foraging. Optimal habitat for these species is foundin old-growth forests, where the abundance of large snags is greatest (Nelson1989, Mannan et al. 1980). Of the 23 species of birds, only three (marbledmurrelet, bald eagle, goshawk) were chosen as priority species. The committeeconcluded that the remainder of the species would benefit from a recovery planthat includes mature and old-growth forests, and they did not require anyspecial attention.Eighteen species of mammals are included on the list for consideration in therecovery plan (Table D.2). Two species, the gray wolf and grizzly bear, currentlyare listed federally as endangered, and the western big-eared bat is acandidate for state listing in Washington and Oregon. The marten is a managementindicator species for the Forest Service because of its association witholder forests. The red tree voles, white-footed vole, western red-backed vole,and shrew mole are endemic to the Pacific Northwest (Figures D. 1 and D.2).Twelve of the eighteen species are associated with or strongly associated witholder forests in one or more of the three states, and two of these species arebats for which there is very little information. Five species are associated withriparian areas. Six species belong to a group that are prey of the northernspotted owl, including the northern flying squirrel, red tree voles, western redbackedvole, dusky-footed woodrat, and bushy-tailed woodrat (Thomas et al.1990, Figure D.2). As a group, they represent the major prey species of the owlother than the deer mouse and snowshoe hare (Forsman et al. 1984, Thomaset al. 1990). The red tree voles, red-backed vole, and northern flying squirrelare associated with older forests throughout most of their range in this region(Carey 1989), with the exception of the flying squirrel in the Oregon Cascades,where Rosenberg and Anthony (1992) found similar densities in old- andsecond-growth forests. Of the 18 species, nine were chosen as priority speciesthat would be most likely to benefit from measures taken to recover the owl.However, six of these species are prey of the northern spotted owl and werechosen solely for that reason. The only species considered likely to benefitfrom specific measures included in the recovery plan were the marten, fisher,gray wolf, and grizzly bear, and the last two occur only in northern Washington.It was assumed that the remainder of the species would benefit from anyrecovery plan that conserves older forest as suitable habitat for owls.Amphibians and ReptilesTwenty-six species of amphibians and reptiles are included on the list forconsideration in the recovery plan, including eight salamanders, six toads andfrogs, one snake, and one turtle (Table D.3). None of the species is listedfederally as threatened or endangered, but the western spotted frog has beenpetitioned for listing and four species of salamanders in the genus Plethodonare candidates for listing. Twelve of the species are associated with riparianareas directly and 12 with older forests. All but three of the species are designatedas "species of special concern" in one or more of the three states. Mostof the amphibians are endemic to the Pacific Northwest (Beatty et al. 1991),and some of the species (e.g., Oregon slender, Larch Mountain, SiskiyouMountain, and Van Dyke's salamanders) have very restricted distributions(Figures D.3 - D.5). Most of the species have specific habitat requirements;342
Table D.2. A list of threatened and endangered, sensitive, candidate, and old-growthassociated mammals within the range of the northern spotted owl.StatusabOld ForestState Associatlon" Endemicd Priority RiparianSpecies Fed WA OR CA WA OR CA L B species associate References*Marten G S S + + + X X 3Martes americanaFisher C2 S S SC + + + X 5Martes pennantiGray wolf E E X X XCanis lupisGrizzly bear E E X X XUrsus arctosDusky-footed woodrat SC + X X X 4Neotoma fuscipesBushy-tailed woodrat X X XNeotoma cinereaNorthern flying squirrel SC ? + ? X 5Glaucomys sabrinusRed tree vole * X X 2,5Phenacomys longicaudusRed tree vole SC + X X 2,5Phenacomys pomoWhite-footed vole SR SC X X 1Phenacomys albipesWestern red-backed vole + X X 4,5Clethrionomys californicusForest deer mouse + X X 5Peromyscus oreasSilver-haired bat + ? 5Lasionycteris noctivagansWestern big-eared bat C SC SCPlecotus townsendiiLong-legged myotis M * * ? 5Myotis volansShrew mole + + ? X 5Neurotrichus gibbsiiWoverine C2 M T TGulo guloFringed myotis M SV ? ? 5Myotis thysanodesWA = Washington OR = Oregon CA = CaliforniaaFederal status: E = endangered, T = threatened, C = candidate, C2 = category 2 candidate, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service candidates that needadditional intormation to propose as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act, PrT = proposed threatened, Pet = petition pending.bState status: WA C = candidate, M = monitor, X = extirpated, S = sensitive, G = game; OR: S = sensitive, SC = sensitive (critical), SV = sensitive(vulnerable), SR = sensitive (rare), SU = sensitive (undetermined), X = extirpated; CA: S = sensitive, SCT = state candidate for listing as threatened, SC= species of concern, E = endangered.California Department of Fish and Game. 1991a. Oregon DepartmentofFish and Wildlife 1991. Washington Department ofWildlife (1991a and 1991b).C+ = old-growth associated, = close old-growth associated, ? = species not studied or data insufficient (see Ruggiero et al. 1991).dEndemkc: L = local, B = broadly (see Ruggiero et al. (1991) for definition and list of endemic species).eReferences: 1) Gomez 1992. 2) Johnsbn and George 1991. 3) Marshall 1991. 4) Raphael 1985. 5) Ruggiero et al. 1991."I'll, 11 I - - 11 ----- ........ 11 .............. I......................... -- - I-I.- ..................... I--- "I'll I 11 -I -...< 11343
Page 1 and 2:
I 1.2:Sp 6/draftRecovery Plan for t
Page 7:
List of FiguresTable 4.1 Abbreviate
Page 11 and 12:
Recovery ObjectiveSecretary of the
Page 13 and 14:
Management Rules for Designated Con
Page 15 and 16:
Monitoring and Research ProgramThe
Page 17:
Chapter IIntroduction1
Page 20 and 21:
"Threatened species" means a specie
Page 22 and 23:
B. The Interagency Scientific Commi
Page 24 and 25:
lished works and many government do
Page 27 and 28:
II.A. Natural History of theNorther
Page 29 and 30:
I- \IzXelT - - -.11 I..., ... I.."
Page 32 and 33:
spring. Territories probably are sm
Page 34 and 35:
Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentil
Page 36 and 37:
also use a variety of nest sites in
Page 38 and 39:
Home Range SizeHome range is define
Page 40 and 41:
Table 2.2. Median amounts of old-gr
Page 42 and 43:
3. Life Historycannot reject the hy
Page 44 and 45:
Dispersal1984, Thomas et al. 1990,
Page 46 and 47:
4. ConclusionOur knowledge of the n
Page 48 and 49:
Ca n a d aEastern Washington Cascad
Page 50 and 51:
Table 2.3. Estimated spotted owl ha
Page 52 and 53:
Table 2.4. Significant threats to t
Page 54 and 55:
Table 2.5. Results of surveys for s
Page 56 and 57:
isolated. In these provinces, small
Page 58 and 59:
centers for 30 to 35 spotted owl te
Page 60 and 61:
Southwest Washington occupies a key
Page 62 and 63:
Distribution of Habitat and Populat
Page 64 and 65:
Province Isolation. The eastern Was
Page 66 and 67:
were in suitable habitat condition.
Page 68 and 69:
Estimated acres of forest landbase:
Page 70 and 71:
owned and contain little suitable h
Page 72 and 73:
Vulnerability to Natural Disturbanc
Page 74 and 75:
Douglas-fir/hardwood types, the lat
Page 76 and 77:
miles from the contiguous populatio
Page 78 and 79:
In comparison, the southern part of
Page 80 and 81:
Sacramento River Canyon now provide
Page 82 and 83:
On January 11, 1980, there was an a
Page 84 and 85:
vation Strategy for the Northern Sp
Page 86 and 87:
transfer of one area to the Grand R
Page 88 and 89:
The BLM Spokane (Washington) Distri
Page 90 and 91:
3. National Park ServiceThe followi
Page 92 and 93:
The results of a consultation are s
Page 94 and 95:
- Since landowners already face cut
Page 96 and 97:
4. Cumulative Effects AssessmentThe
Page 98 and 99:
Assessment, Planning, and Monitorin
Page 100 and 101:
Spotted owl nesting sites and activ
Page 102 and 103:
Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhance
Page 104 and 105:
including wildlife. In other cases,
Page 106 and 107:
Currently, the Yakima Indian Nation
Page 108 and 109:
where timber harvest is limited to
Page 111 and 112:
III.A. Recovery Objective and Delis
Page 113:
4. The population is unlikely to ne
Page 116 and 117:
Needs of other species should be co
Page 118 and 119:
years. The strategy of managing for
Page 120 and 121:
't0
Page 122 and 123:
Finally, the plan recommends mainta
Page 124 and 125:
A total of 1,181 pairs of owls has
Page 126 and 127:
DKnown owlsin the OregonprovincesKn
Page 128 and 129:
mologists, and representatives of o
Page 130 and 131:
this prey species is an appropriate
Page 132 and 133:
After 100 years residual snags will
Page 134 and 135:
2. Fuelwood Gathering. If allowed,
Page 136 and 137:
The application of prescriptions A,
Page 138 and 139:
owls. (Refer to tables in section I
Page 140 and 141:
PRESCRIPTION D -RETAIN OWLS IN MANA
Page 142 and 143:
126
Page 144 and 145:
DCA Management Plans.The recovery p
Page 146 and 147:
Endangered Species Act) or through
Page 148 and 149:
6. Costs to landowners should be re
Page 150 and 151:
The real or perceived disincentives
Page 152 and 153:
authority of the public body to ent
Page 154 and 155:
* Use the recovery plan's recommend
Page 156 and 157:
140
Page 158 and 159:
Supplemental pair areas - Habitat d
Page 160 and 161:
Numbers of owls currently are estim
Page 162 and 163:
Biological goals and implementation
Page 164 and 165:
ning. Also, several unsurveyed area
Page 166 and 167:
Owl pairsKnown owlsin the province3
Page 168 and 169:
- Initiate long-range planning effo
Page 170 and 171:
Table 3.8. Summary comments on the
Page 172 and 173:
from nonfederal lands are needed to
Page 174 and 175:
Eastern Washington Cascades Provinc
Page 176 and 177:
(Owl pairs140 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Page 178 and 179:
habitat in DCA WD- 16. Approximatel
Page 180 and 181:
Table 3.12. Summary comments on the
Page 182 and 183:
Ttllwrnook/Astoria area. Provide su
Page 184 and 185:
connectivity between key DCAs. This
Page 186 and 187:
ITable 3.14. Summary comments on th
Page 188 and 189:
crest of the Cascade Mountains. The
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
sites on federal lands (figure 3.21
Page 194 and 195:
Owl pairsL I 350- _ _ . ...........
Page 196 and 197:
DCAs, often combined with adjacent
Page 198 and 199:
Owl pairsLiKnown owlsin the provinc
Page 200 and 201:
nesting and roosting habitat until
Page 202 and 203:
Option 3: Management of clusters: g
Page 204 and 205:
Table 3.21. Summary of acreage and
Page 206 and 207:
Owl pairs -Known owlsin the provinc
Page 208 and 209:
and to within 0.5 miles of the acti
Page 210 and 211:
Spotted owls have been found at 86
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
their distance from other sites. Ar
Page 216 and 217:
* Recommend population and habitat
Page 218 and 219:
away in some or all of the range. D
Page 220 and 221:
4. What are the population dynamics
Page 222 and 223:
If the monitoring and research prog
Page 224 and 225:
lowlands, eastern Oregon Cascades,
Page 226 and 227:
210
Page 228 and 229:
Stepdown Outline1. Management Tasks
Page 230 and 231:
Table 4.1 Abbreviated Cost TableThe
Page 232 and 233:
continued-TaskPriorityResp. PartyCo
Page 234 and 235:
218
Page 236 and 237:
220
Page 238 and 239:
and the number of invertebrate anim
Page 240 and 241:
Table 5.2. Numbers of other species
Page 242 and 243:
Amphibians and Reptiles: Larch Moun
Page 244 and 245:
228
Page 246 and 247:
230
Page 248 and 249:
Barrows, C. W. 1980. Feeding ecolog
Page 250 and 251:
Clark, R. J., D. G. Smith, and L. H
Page 252 and 253:
Franklin, A. B., J. A. Blakesley, a
Page 254 and 255:
Harestad, A. S., and F. L. Bunnell.
Page 256 and 257:
Lundquist, R. W. and J. M. Mariani.
Page 258 and 259:
O'Halloran, K. 1989. Spotted owl in
Page 260 and 261:
Solis, D. M. 1980. Habitat use by n
Page 262 and 263:
Young, K. D., A. B. Franklin, and J
Page 264 and 265:
248
Page 266 and 267:
250
Page 268 and 269:
Table A.1. General approaches for e
Page 270 and 271:
complete count of the territorial b
Page 272 and 273:
Table A.3. Powera for various desig
Page 274 and 275:
Table A.4. Illustration of a Markov
Page 276 and 277:
Obviously, these statements hold on
Page 278 and 279:
Table A.6. Reliability of trend est
Page 280 and 281:
Demographic AnalysisAs noted earlie
Page 282 and 283:
the estimate (using the simple equa
Page 284 and 285:
however, we know little about the b
Page 286 and 287:
Table A.8. Summary of information n
Page 288 and 289:
predict the power achieved by diffe
Page 290 and 291:
Other studiestached. If dispersing
Page 292 and 293:
impractical at present. We describe
Page 294 and 295:
Conclusionsthe year effect can be i
Page 296 and 297:
280
Page 298 and 299:
282
Page 300 and 301:
284
Page 302 and 303:
owls. Consequently, the issue of wh
Page 304 and 305:
Use of the informationAssessments a
Page 306 and 307:
Recent LiteratureWe might begin by
Page 308 and 309: Kerms (1989) measured habitat struc
Page 310 and 311: Hamer (pers. comm.) described 11 ne
Page 312 and 313: Table B.3. Percent hardwoods in the
Page 314 and 315: Table B.5. Comparison of habitats u
Page 316 and 317: Table B.8. Tree density (number of
Page 318 and 319: and numbers of trees, and percent o
Page 320 and 321: Under this hypothesis, owl fitness
Page 322 and 323: suitable habitat for that region (m
Page 324 and 325: ResultsDiscussionspotted owl habita
Page 326 and 327: __Discussiondata from 41 sites in t
Page 328 and 329: Recommendations for Future Research
Page 330 and 331: 314
Page 332 and 333: Hamer, T. 1988. Home range size of
Page 334 and 335: 318
Page 336 and 337: 320
Page 338 and 339: Parameter Estimatesfor Individual S
Page 340 and 341: provided in Table C. 5. Study of th
Page 342 and 343: Table C.6. Summary of statistics re
Page 344 and 345: 3. ConclusionsThis source of bias i
Page 346 and 347: 330
Page 348 and 349: Gray Wolf .........................
Page 350 and 351: formed during the initial meeting t
Page 352 and 353: provide habitat for the numerous sp
Page 354 and 355: The ApproachA committee of the Reco
Page 356 and 357: The List of Threatened and Endanger
Page 360 and 361: ABBFigure D. 1. Distribution of: a)
Page 362 and 363: KTable D.3. A list of threatened an
Page 364 and 365: Fishestheir dispersal capabilities
Page 366 and 367: OlympicNorthcoastalRockyMountainSou
Page 368 and 369: continued-StatusabState Considered
Page 370 and 371: continued-SpeciesColumbia sidebandM
Page 372 and 373: endemic to the Pacific Northwest).
Page 374 and 375: ------continued-SpeciesRhyacophila
Page 376 and 377: continued-SpeciesFed3tatusa bStateW
Page 378 and 379: StatusasbOld ForestState Associatio
Page 380 and 381: Summaryspores (Maser et al. 1978b).
Page 382 and 383: Biology of Owl Prey, Older Forest A
Page 384 and 385: Woodrats.-The dusky-footed woodrat
Page 386 and 387: and are less restrictive under stat
Page 388 and 389: Stock concept.-The term "stock" was
Page 390 and 391: Table D.10. List of fish stocks of
Page 392 and 393: continued-Steelhead-owipu Sea-runTr
Page 394 and 395: continued-BasinHoodWillametteRogueS
Page 396 and 397: Table D.13. Washington streams (or
Page 398 and 399: inland distribution currently decre
Page 400 and 401: nesting territories in the three st
Page 402 and 403: However, little is known about the
Page 404 and 405: Fisher (Martes penncmti)Distributio
Page 406 and 407: at one time supported marten popula
Page 408 and 409:
each population of these animals is
Page 410 and 411:
species also is found under the bar
Page 412 and 413:
few meters from water after heavy r
Page 414 and 415:
In considering the needs of other s
Page 416 and 417:
Barrows, C. W. 1981. Roost selectio
Page 418 and 419:
Clark, T. W., E. Anderson, C. Dougl
Page 420 and 421:
Hamer, T. E. 1991. Habitat relation
Page 422 and 423:
Mannan, R. W., E. C. Meslow, and H.
Page 424 and 425:
Oakley, A. L., Collins, J. A., Ever
Page 426 and 427:
Solis, D. M. 1983. Summer habitat e
Page 428 and 429:
Washington Natural Heritage Program
Page 430 and 431:
414
Page 432 and 433:
f. Wilderness.g. Livestock grazing.
Page 434 and 435:
I. Monitoring.1. Northern spotted o
Page 436 and 437:
420
Page 438 and 439:
here will reduce some of that habit
Page 440 and 441:
424
Page 442 and 443:
426
Page 444 and 445:
Selection of Forest TypesAt the tim
Page 446 and 447:
eceive as little as 25 inches. Disc
Page 448 and 449:
A. FireThe combination and interact
Page 450 and 451:
Table F.4. Important forest insects
Page 452 and 453:
continued-Common Name Causal Agent
Page 454 and 455:
D. DiseasesForest diseases in the P
Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
III. Forest Protection in theWest C
Page 462 and 463:
120 100200 500I~~~~.K446Figure F.4.
Page 464 and 465:
InsectsDiseasesInsects in this subr
Page 466 and 467:
__hardwoods are immune. Shade toler
Page 468 and 469:
pests (Schowalter 1988). Black stai
Page 470 and 471:
tion and initial attack. If manipul
Page 472 and 473:
log and snag density was likely low
Page 474 and 475:
B. Management Effects on StandsMana
Page 476 and 477:
units (underburning or lop/scatter)
Page 478 and 479:
In the higher elevation White Fir a
Page 480 and 481:
growth often increases (Reinhardt a
Page 482 and 483:
50rcc4*0-cC)2M CmZ13010-yearI ,...*
Page 484 and 485:
In the East Cascades subregion fore
Page 486 and 487:
The introduced disease, white pine
Page 488 and 489:
VI. Conclusionsmortality will resul
Page 490 and 491:
Baker, F.A. 1988. The influence of
Page 492 and 493:
Habeck, J.R. 1990. Old-growth ponde
Page 494 and 495:
Perry, D.A., and J.G. Borchers. 199
Page 496 and 497:
Weatherspoon, C.P., and C.N. Skinne
Page 498 and 499:
482
Page 500 and 501:
484
Page 502 and 503:
area, structure, ages, location; ne
Page 504 and 505:
Stand AFigure G.2. A--unthmnned Dou
Page 506 and 507:
figure 0.3. Effects of thinning Dou
Page 508 and 509:
II. Review of Natural Vegetation an
Page 510 and 511:
western hemlock, and sometimes othe
Page 512 and 513:
year intervals (Appendix F). With t
Page 514 and 515:
Live crown ratiobecent)6050IStand A
Page 516 and 517:
Basal area growth continued to incr
Page 518 and 519:
technology probably will allow some
Page 520 and 521:
Stand A. No activities (west side 3
Page 522 and 523:
Stand A. No activities (west side o
Page 524 and 525:
acre, 4 to 12 inches in diameter),
Page 526 and 527:
allow redwood sprout clumps maximum
Page 528 and 529:
KAge 15 years - 511 trees per acre,
Page 530 and 531:
6Stems per acre100 _ Stand A. Natur
Page 532 and 533:
Basal Area(square feetper acre)50 1
Page 534 and 535:
* Opening the canopy in small patch
Page 536 and 537:
Drew, T.J. and J.W. Flewelling. 197
Page 538 and 539:
Miller, R.E.; D.L. Reukema, and R.L
Page 540 and 541:
Tappeiner, J.C., P.M. McDonald, and
Page 542 and 543:
526
Page 544 and 545:
528
Page 546 and 547:
6. Timber supply curve and economic
Page 548 and 549:
scientifically credible biological
Page 550 and 551:
E. Summary of Preliminary Estimates
Page 552 and 553:
II. General Economic Principles for
Page 554 and 555:
practices may be able to show how s
Page 556 and 557:
Economic patterns show the efficien
Page 558 and 559:
The sustainable yield concept that
Page 560 and 561:
A. Previously Estimated Economic Co
Page 562 and 563:
County receipts were estimated to d
Page 564 and 565:
B. Potential Social Costs of Owl Co
Page 566 and 567:
The contrast between the behavior d
Page 568 and 569:
0U1 n1nDTable H.2. Economic depende
Page 570 and 571:
cḻlTable H.4. Economic characteri
Page 572 and 573:
An analysis completed by the State
Page 574 and 575:
V. Preliminary Evaluation of the Ec
Page 576 and 577:
25-° 20/0M 15-a)CLU)0 10-0CL 5 -0)
Page 578 and 579:
25 -- 20-0co/o 15--Da)a0a)10m~ C) 5
Page 580 and 581:
forestlands. The costs of productio
Page 582 and 583:
In Figure H.8, the equilibrium betw
Page 584 and 585:
foregone and the way they will save
Page 586 and 587:
The income created by the purchase
Page 588 and 589:
Two concepts are useful for underst
Page 590 and 591:
y an estimate of the price that wou
Page 592 and 593:
Table H.10. Comparison of timber em
Page 594 and 595:
of the second year. The same assump
Page 596 and 597:
are generally much lower than for c
Page 598 and 599:
582
Page 600 and 601:
studies at University of Washington
Page 602 and 603:
586
Page 604 and 605:
Most significant late successionall
Page 606 and 607:
to evaluate options. Information in
Page 608 and 609:
Q0Table 1.1. Estimated acres and ow
Page 610 and 611:
soTable 1.3. Estimated acres and ow
Page 612 and 613:
01CDarTable 1.5. Size class distrib
Page 614 and 615:
Table 1.8. Frequency distribution o
Page 616 and 617:
Literature CitedThomas, J.W., E.D.
Page 618 and 619:
602
Page 620 and 621:
- The overlap of home ranges among
Page 622 and 623:
Table J.2. Acreage and owl numbers
Page 624 and 625:
continuedDCA Land AcreageIdent. Sta
Page 626 and 627:
Page 628 and 629:
Page 630 and 631:
Page 632 and 633:
Page 634 and 635:
Table J.9. Acrea ?e and owl numbers
Page 636 and 637:
Page 638 and 639:
continued-DCA LandIdent. StatusAcre
Page 640 and 641:
-DCAIdent.LandStatusAcreageNRF Tota
Page 642 and 643:
626
Page 644 and 645:
Experience Includes: Assistant Dire
Page 646 and 647:
Education: B.S. in forestry from Or
Page 648 and 649:
Team SupportCharles Bruce, Oregon D
Page 650 and 651:
continued-1 5-24-91 Other SpeciesSu
Page 652 and 653:
continued-9-16 thru9-20-919-19-91Sp
Page 654 and 655:
Perry, D. 1991. The ecology of coar
Page 656 and 657:
2mandate the achievement of recover
Page 658 and 659:
642
Page 660 and 661:
644
Page 662 and 663:
Aspect - the direction a slope face
Page 664 and 665:
Congressionally classified and desi
Page 666 and 667:
Empirical - derived from direct obs
Page 668 and 669:
Hummocky - a landscape characterize
Page 670 and 671:
Mixed conifer - as used in this doc
Page 672 and 673:
Potential habitat - a stand of tree
Page 674 and 675:
Sensitive species - those species t
Page 676 and 677:
Take -Uunder the Endangered Species
Page 678:
wild, scenic, or recreational by an
show all

Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?