Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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Lundquist, R. W. and J. M. Mariani. 1991. Nesting habitat andabundance of snag-dependent birds in the southern WashingtonCascade Range. Pages 221-240 In L. F. Ruggiero, K.B. Auory, A. B. Carey, and M. H. Huff, eds. Wildlife andvegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir forests. USDA ForestService, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range ExperimentalStation, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-285.Lutz, D. W. 1992. Population ecology of the spotted owl in the centralSierra Nevada, California. M.S. thesis, Humboldt StateUniversity, Arcata, California.Marcot, B. G., and R. Holthausen. 1987. Analyzing population viabilityof the spotted owl in the Pacific Northwest. Transactions of theNorthAmericanWildlife Natural Resources Conference 52:333-347.Marshall, J. T. 1942. Food and habitat of the spotted owl. Condor 44:66-67.Marshall, J. T. 1957. Birds ofpine-oakwoodland in southemArizona andadjacent Mexico. Pacific Coast Avifauna 32:1-125.Martin, G. R. 1986. Sensory capacity and the nocturnal habitat of owls.Ibis 128:266-277.Max, T. A., R. A. Souter, and K. A. O'Halloran. 1990. Statistical estimatorsfor monitoring spotted owls in Oregon and Washington.USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and RangeExperimental Station, Research Paper PNW-RP-420. Portland,Oregon.Mayr, E., and L. L. Short. 1970. Species taxa of North American Birds,a contribution to comparative systematics. Publications of theNuttall Ornithology Club No. 9.Merriam, C. H. 1898. Symium occidentale caurinum, a new owl from thePuget Sound region. Auk 15:39-40.Meyer, J. S., L. L. Irwin, and M. S. Boyce. 1990. Influence of habitatfragmentation on spotted owl site selection, site occupancy,and reproduction on Bureau of Land Management lands inwestern Oregon. Unpublished report, National Council of thePaper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, Incorporated,Corvallis, Oregon.Miller, G. S. 1989. Dispersal ofjuvenile northern spotted owls in westernOregon. M.S. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis,Oregon.Miller, G. S., and E. C. Meslow. 1985. Dispersal data forjuvenile spottedowls: the problem of small sample size. Pages 69-73 InGutierrez, R. J., and A. B. Carey, eds. Ecology and managementof spotted owls in the Pacific Northwest. USDA ForestService, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range ExperimentalStation, General Technical Report PNW-GTR- 185, Portland,Oregon.Miller, G. S., K. Nelson, and W. C. Wright. 1985. Two-year-old femalespotted owl breeds successfully. Western Birds. 16:69-73.240
Moen, C., A. B. Franklin, and R. J. Gutierrez. 1991. Age determinationin northern spotted owls. Wildlife Society Bulletin 19:489-493.Morrison, P. H. 1990. Ancient forest on the Olympic National Forest-Analysis from a historical and landscape perspective. TheWilderness Society, Seattle, Washington.Morton, E. S. 1975. Ecological sources of selection on avian sounds.American Naturalist 109:17-34.Mulder, B.S., J. A. Bottorff, S.M. Chambers, J.J. Dowhan, A. Farmer, K.Franzreb, J. F. Gore, E. C. Meslow, J. D. Nichols, M. Scott, M.L. Shaffer, and S. R. Wilbur. 1989. The northern spotted owl:A Status review supplement. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service,Region 1, Portland, Oregon.Muller; H. C. 1986. The evolution of reversed sexual dimorphism in owls:an empirical analysis of possible selective factors. WilsonBulletin 98:387-406.Murphy, D.D., and B. R. Noon. In Press. Integrating scientific methodswith habitat conservation planning: reserve design for thenorthern spotted owl. Ecological Applications.Nehlsen, W., J. E. Williams, and J. A. Lichatowich. 1991. Pacific salmonat the crossroads: stocks at risk in California, Oregon, Idaho,and Washington. Fisheries 16:4-2 1.Nelson, E. W. 1903. Descriptions of new birds from southern Mexico.Proceedings of Biological Society Washington 16:151-159.Nelson, S. K. 1989. Habitat use and densities of cavity-nesting birds inthe Oregon Coast Ranges. M.S. thesis. Oregon State University,Corvallis, Oregon.Nero, R. W. 1980. The great gray owl: phantom of the northern forest.Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Nero, R. W., R. J. Clark, R. J. Knapton, and R. H. Hamre, eds. 1987.Biology and conservation of northern forest owls. USDAForest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range ExperimentalStation, General Technical Report RM-GTR- 142, FortCollins, Colorado.Noon, B. R., and C. M. Biles. 1990. Mathematical demography of spottedowls in the Pacific Northwest. Journal ofWildlife Management54:18-27.Oberholser, H. C. 1915. Critical notes on the subspecies of the spottedowl, Strix occidentalts (Xantus). Proceedings of the U.S.National Museum 49:251-257.ODFW (Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife). 1991. Spotted owldatabase. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Salem,Oregon.241
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I 1.2:Sp 6/draftRecovery Plan for t
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List of FiguresTable 4.1 Abbreviate
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Recovery ObjectiveSecretary of the
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Management Rules for Designated Con
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Monitoring and Research ProgramThe
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Chapter IIntroduction1
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"Threatened species" means a specie
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B. The Interagency Scientific Commi
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lished works and many government do
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II.A. Natural History of theNorther
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I- \IzXelT - - -.11 I..., ... I.."
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spring. Territories probably are sm
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Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentil
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also use a variety of nest sites in
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Home Range SizeHome range is define
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Table 2.2. Median amounts of old-gr
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3. Life Historycannot reject the hy
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Dispersal1984, Thomas et al. 1990,
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4. ConclusionOur knowledge of the n
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Ca n a d aEastern Washington Cascad
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Table 2.3. Estimated spotted owl ha
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Table 2.4. Significant threats to t
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Table 2.5. Results of surveys for s
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isolated. In these provinces, small
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centers for 30 to 35 spotted owl te
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Southwest Washington occupies a key
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Distribution of Habitat and Populat
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Province Isolation. The eastern Was
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were in suitable habitat condition.
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Estimated acres of forest landbase:
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owned and contain little suitable h
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Vulnerability to Natural Disturbanc
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Douglas-fir/hardwood types, the lat
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miles from the contiguous populatio
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In comparison, the southern part of
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Sacramento River Canyon now provide
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On January 11, 1980, there was an a
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vation Strategy for the Northern Sp
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transfer of one area to the Grand R
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The BLM Spokane (Washington) Distri
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3. National Park ServiceThe followi
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The results of a consultation are s
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- Since landowners already face cut
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4. Cumulative Effects AssessmentThe
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Assessment, Planning, and Monitorin
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Spotted owl nesting sites and activ
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Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhance
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including wildlife. In other cases,
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Currently, the Yakima Indian Nation
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where timber harvest is limited to
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III.A. Recovery Objective and Delis
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4. The population is unlikely to ne
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Needs of other species should be co
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years. The strategy of managing for
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't0
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Finally, the plan recommends mainta
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A total of 1,181 pairs of owls has
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DKnown owlsin the OregonprovincesKn
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mologists, and representatives of o
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this prey species is an appropriate
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After 100 years residual snags will
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2. Fuelwood Gathering. If allowed,
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The application of prescriptions A,
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owls. (Refer to tables in section I
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PRESCRIPTION D -RETAIN OWLS IN MANA
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126
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DCA Management Plans.The recovery p
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Endangered Species Act) or through
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6. Costs to landowners should be re
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The real or perceived disincentives
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authority of the public body to ent
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* Use the recovery plan's recommend
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140
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Supplemental pair areas - Habitat d
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Numbers of owls currently are estim
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Biological goals and implementation
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ning. Also, several unsurveyed area
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Owl pairsKnown owlsin the province3
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- Initiate long-range planning effo
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Table 3.8. Summary comments on the
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from nonfederal lands are needed to
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Eastern Washington Cascades Provinc
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(Owl pairs140 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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habitat in DCA WD- 16. Approximatel
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Table 3.12. Summary comments on the
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Ttllwrnook/Astoria area. Provide su
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connectivity between key DCAs. This
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ITable 3.14. Summary comments on th
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crest of the Cascade Mountains. The
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ITable 3.16. Summary comments on th
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sites on federal lands (figure 3.21
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Owl pairsL I 350- _ _ . ...........
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DCAs, often combined with adjacent
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Owl pairsLiKnown owlsin the provinc
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nesting and roosting habitat until
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Option 3: Management of clusters: g
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Table 3.21. Summary of acreage and
Page 206 and 207: Owl pairs -Known owlsin the provinc
Page 208 and 209: and to within 0.5 miles of the acti
Page 210 and 211: Spotted owls have been found at 86
Page 212 and 213: ITable 3.24. Summary comments on th
Page 214 and 215: their distance from other sites. Ar
Page 216 and 217: * Recommend population and habitat
Page 218 and 219: away in some or all of the range. D
Page 220 and 221: 4. What are the population dynamics
Page 222 and 223: If the monitoring and research prog
Page 224 and 225: lowlands, eastern Oregon Cascades,
Page 226 and 227: 210
Page 228 and 229: Stepdown Outline1. Management Tasks
Page 230 and 231: Table 4.1 Abbreviated Cost TableThe
Page 232 and 233: continued-TaskPriorityResp. PartyCo
Page 234 and 235: 218
Page 236 and 237: 220
Page 238 and 239: and the number of invertebrate anim
Page 240 and 241: Table 5.2. Numbers of other species
Page 242 and 243: Amphibians and Reptiles: Larch Moun
Page 244 and 245: 228
Page 246 and 247: 230
Page 248 and 249: Barrows, C. W. 1980. Feeding ecolog
Page 250 and 251: Clark, R. J., D. G. Smith, and L. H
Page 252 and 253: Franklin, A. B., J. A. Blakesley, a
Page 254 and 255: Harestad, A. S., and F. L. Bunnell.
Page 258 and 259: O'Halloran, K. 1989. Spotted owl in
Page 260 and 261: Solis, D. M. 1980. Habitat use by n
Page 262 and 263: Young, K. D., A. B. Franklin, and J
Page 264 and 265: 248
Page 266 and 267: 250
Page 268 and 269: Table A.1. General approaches for e
Page 270 and 271: complete count of the territorial b
Page 272 and 273: Table A.3. Powera for various desig
Page 274 and 275: Table A.4. Illustration of a Markov
Page 276 and 277: Obviously, these statements hold on
Page 278 and 279: Table A.6. Reliability of trend est
Page 280 and 281: Demographic AnalysisAs noted earlie
Page 282 and 283: the estimate (using the simple equa
Page 284 and 285: however, we know little about the b
Page 286 and 287: Table A.8. Summary of information n
Page 288 and 289: predict the power achieved by diffe
Page 290 and 291: Other studiestached. If dispersing
Page 292 and 293: impractical at present. We describe
Page 294 and 295: Conclusionsthe year effect can be i
Page 296 and 297: 280
Page 298 and 299: 282
Page 300 and 301: 284
Page 302 and 303: owls. Consequently, the issue of wh
Page 304 and 305: Use of the informationAssessments a
Page 306 and 307:
Recent LiteratureWe might begin by
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Kerms (1989) measured habitat struc
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Hamer (pers. comm.) described 11 ne
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Table B.3. Percent hardwoods in the
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Table B.5. Comparison of habitats u
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Table B.8. Tree density (number of
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and numbers of trees, and percent o
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Under this hypothesis, owl fitness
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suitable habitat for that region (m
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ResultsDiscussionspotted owl habita
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__Discussiondata from 41 sites in t
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Recommendations for Future Research
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314
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Hamer, T. 1988. Home range size of
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318
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320
Page 338 and 339:
Parameter Estimatesfor Individual S
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provided in Table C. 5. Study of th
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Table C.6. Summary of statistics re
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3. ConclusionsThis source of bias i
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330
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Gray Wolf .........................
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formed during the initial meeting t
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provide habitat for the numerous sp
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The ApproachA committee of the Reco
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The List of Threatened and Endanger
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Mammalsoldest trees in a stand. Eig
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ABBFigure D. 1. Distribution of: a)
Page 362 and 363:
KTable D.3. A list of threatened an
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Fishestheir dispersal capabilities
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OlympicNorthcoastalRockyMountainSou
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continued-StatusabState Considered
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continued-SpeciesColumbia sidebandM
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endemic to the Pacific Northwest).
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------continued-SpeciesRhyacophila
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continued-SpeciesFed3tatusa bStateW
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StatusasbOld ForestState Associatio
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Summaryspores (Maser et al. 1978b).
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Biology of Owl Prey, Older Forest A
Page 384 and 385:
Woodrats.-The dusky-footed woodrat
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and are less restrictive under stat
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Stock concept.-The term "stock" was
Page 390 and 391:
Table D.10. List of fish stocks of
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continued-Steelhead-owipu Sea-runTr
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continued-BasinHoodWillametteRogueS
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Table D.13. Washington streams (or
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inland distribution currently decre
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nesting territories in the three st
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However, little is known about the
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Fisher (Martes penncmti)Distributio
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at one time supported marten popula
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each population of these animals is
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species also is found under the bar
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few meters from water after heavy r
Page 414 and 415:
In considering the needs of other s
Page 416 and 417:
Barrows, C. W. 1981. Roost selectio
Page 418 and 419:
Clark, T. W., E. Anderson, C. Dougl
Page 420 and 421:
Hamer, T. E. 1991. Habitat relation
Page 422 and 423:
Mannan, R. W., E. C. Meslow, and H.
Page 424 and 425:
Oakley, A. L., Collins, J. A., Ever
Page 426 and 427:
Solis, D. M. 1983. Summer habitat e
Page 428 and 429:
Washington Natural Heritage Program
Page 430 and 431:
414
Page 432 and 433:
f. Wilderness.g. Livestock grazing.
Page 434 and 435:
I. Monitoring.1. Northern spotted o
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420
Page 438 and 439:
here will reduce some of that habit
Page 440 and 441:
424
Page 442 and 443:
426
Page 444 and 445:
Selection of Forest TypesAt the tim
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eceive as little as 25 inches. Disc
Page 448 and 449:
A. FireThe combination and interact
Page 450 and 451:
Table F.4. Important forest insects
Page 452 and 453:
continued-Common Name Causal Agent
Page 454 and 455:
D. DiseasesForest diseases in the P
Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
III. Forest Protection in theWest C
Page 462 and 463:
120 100200 500I~~~~.K446Figure F.4.
Page 464 and 465:
InsectsDiseasesInsects in this subr
Page 466 and 467:
__hardwoods are immune. Shade toler
Page 468 and 469:
pests (Schowalter 1988). Black stai
Page 470 and 471:
tion and initial attack. If manipul
Page 472 and 473:
log and snag density was likely low
Page 474 and 475:
B. Management Effects on StandsMana
Page 476 and 477:
units (underburning or lop/scatter)
Page 478 and 479:
In the higher elevation White Fir a
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growth often increases (Reinhardt a
Page 482 and 483:
50rcc4*0-cC)2M CmZ13010-yearI ,...*
Page 484 and 485:
In the East Cascades subregion fore
Page 486 and 487:
The introduced disease, white pine
Page 488 and 489:
VI. Conclusionsmortality will resul
Page 490 and 491:
Baker, F.A. 1988. The influence of
Page 492 and 493:
Habeck, J.R. 1990. Old-growth ponde
Page 494 and 495:
Perry, D.A., and J.G. Borchers. 199
Page 496 and 497:
Weatherspoon, C.P., and C.N. Skinne
Page 498 and 499:
482
Page 500 and 501:
484
Page 502 and 503:
area, structure, ages, location; ne
Page 504 and 505:
Stand AFigure G.2. A--unthmnned Dou
Page 506 and 507:
figure 0.3. Effects of thinning Dou
Page 508 and 509:
II. Review of Natural Vegetation an
Page 510 and 511:
western hemlock, and sometimes othe
Page 512 and 513:
year intervals (Appendix F). With t
Page 514 and 515:
Live crown ratiobecent)6050IStand A
Page 516 and 517:
Basal area growth continued to incr
Page 518 and 519:
technology probably will allow some
Page 520 and 521:
Stand A. No activities (west side 3
Page 522 and 523:
Stand A. No activities (west side o
Page 524 and 525:
acre, 4 to 12 inches in diameter),
Page 526 and 527:
allow redwood sprout clumps maximum
Page 528 and 529:
KAge 15 years - 511 trees per acre,
Page 530 and 531:
6Stems per acre100 _ Stand A. Natur
Page 532 and 533:
Basal Area(square feetper acre)50 1
Page 534 and 535:
* Opening the canopy in small patch
Page 536 and 537:
Drew, T.J. and J.W. Flewelling. 197
Page 538 and 539:
Miller, R.E.; D.L. Reukema, and R.L
Page 540 and 541:
Tappeiner, J.C., P.M. McDonald, and
Page 542 and 543:
526
Page 544 and 545:
528
Page 546 and 547:
6. Timber supply curve and economic
Page 548 and 549:
scientifically credible biological
Page 550 and 551:
E. Summary of Preliminary Estimates
Page 552 and 553:
II. General Economic Principles for
Page 554 and 555:
practices may be able to show how s
Page 556 and 557:
Economic patterns show the efficien
Page 558 and 559:
The sustainable yield concept that
Page 560 and 561:
A. Previously Estimated Economic Co
Page 562 and 563:
County receipts were estimated to d
Page 564 and 565:
B. Potential Social Costs of Owl Co
Page 566 and 567:
The contrast between the behavior d
Page 568 and 569:
0U1 n1nDTable H.2. Economic depende
Page 570 and 571:
cḻlTable H.4. Economic characteri
Page 572 and 573:
An analysis completed by the State
Page 574 and 575:
V. Preliminary Evaluation of the Ec
Page 576 and 577:
25-° 20/0M 15-a)CLU)0 10-0CL 5 -0)
Page 578 and 579:
25 -- 20-0co/o 15--Da)a0a)10m~ C) 5
Page 580 and 581:
forestlands. The costs of productio
Page 582 and 583:
In Figure H.8, the equilibrium betw
Page 584 and 585:
foregone and the way they will save
Page 586 and 587:
The income created by the purchase
Page 588 and 589:
Two concepts are useful for underst
Page 590 and 591:
y an estimate of the price that wou
Page 592 and 593:
Table H.10. Comparison of timber em
Page 594 and 595:
of the second year. The same assump
Page 596 and 597:
are generally much lower than for c
Page 598 and 599:
582
Page 600 and 601:
studies at University of Washington
Page 602 and 603:
586
Page 604 and 605:
Most significant late successionall
Page 606 and 607:
to evaluate options. Information in
Page 608 and 609:
Q0Table 1.1. Estimated acres and ow
Page 610 and 611:
soTable 1.3. Estimated acres and ow
Page 612 and 613:
01CDarTable 1.5. Size class distrib
Page 614 and 615:
Table 1.8. Frequency distribution o
Page 616 and 617:
Literature CitedThomas, J.W., E.D.
Page 618 and 619:
602
Page 620 and 621:
- The overlap of home ranges among
Page 622 and 623:
Table J.2. Acreage and owl numbers
Page 624 and 625:
continuedDCA Land AcreageIdent. Sta
Page 626 and 627:
Page 628 and 629:
Page 630 and 631:
Page 632 and 633:
Page 634 and 635:
Table J.9. Acrea ?e and owl numbers
Page 636 and 637:
Page 638 and 639:
continued-DCA LandIdent. StatusAcre
Page 640 and 641:
-DCAIdent.LandStatusAcreageNRF Tota
Page 642 and 643:
626
Page 644 and 645:
Experience Includes: Assistant Dire
Page 646 and 647:
Education: B.S. in forestry from Or
Page 648 and 649:
Team SupportCharles Bruce, Oregon D
Page 650 and 651:
continued-1 5-24-91 Other SpeciesSu
Page 652 and 653:
continued-9-16 thru9-20-919-19-91Sp
Page 654 and 655:
Perry, D. 1991. The ecology of coar
Page 656 and 657:
2mandate the achievement of recover
Page 658 and 659:
642
Page 660 and 661:
644
Page 662 and 663:
Aspect - the direction a slope face
Page 664 and 665:
Congressionally classified and desi
Page 666 and 667:
Empirical - derived from direct obs
Page 668 and 669:
Hummocky - a landscape characterize
Page 670 and 671:
Mixed conifer - as used in this doc
Page 672 and 673:
Potential habitat - a stand of tree
Page 674 and 675:
Sensitive species - those species t
Page 676 and 677:
Take -Uunder the Endangered Species
Page 678:
wild, scenic, or recreational by an
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Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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