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Adamcik, R. S., and L. B. Keith. 1978. Regional movements and mortalityofgreat homed owls in relation to snowshoe hare fluctuations.Canadian Field Naturalist 92:228-234.Advanced Sciences, Inc. 1989. Population monitoring of the northernspotted owl on coastal Sierra Pacific Industries timberlands.Unpublished report, Sierra Pacific Industries, Redding, California.Agee, J. K. 1991a. Fire history of Douglas-fir forests in the PacificNorthwest. Pages 25-33 In L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Avory, A.B.Carey, and M.H. Huff, eds. Wildlife and vegetation ofunmanaged Douglas-fir forests. USDA Forest Service, PacificNorthwest Forest and Range Experimental Station GeneralTechnical Report PNW-GTR-285. Portland, Oregon.Agee, J. K. 1991 b. Evaluation ofcatastrophic habitat loss for spotted owls:Olympic Peninsula. Unpublished report, Northern SpottedOwl Recovery Team, USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland,Oregon.Allen, H. L., K. R. Dixon, and K. L. Knutsen. 1989. Cooperativeadministrative study to monitor spotted owl managementareas in national forests in Washington. Washington Departmentof Wildlife, Olympia, Washington.American Omithologist's Union. 1957. Check-list of North Americanbirds. Fifth edition. The Lord Baltimore Press, Baltimore,Maryland.Anthony, J. L. and E. B. Cummins. 1989. 1988-1989 Hoh-Clearwaterspotted owl inventory project. Unpublished report, WashingtonDepartment Natural Resources and Washington Departmentof Wildlife, Olympia, Washington.Azuma, D., J. Baldwin, and B. R. Noon. 1990. Estimating occupancy ofspotted owl habitat areas and adjustingforbias. USDA ForestService, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range ExperimentalStation General Technical Report PSW-GTR-124, Berkeley,California.Bailey, H. 1966. Geology of northern California. California Division ofMines and Geology, Bulletin 190, San Francisco, California.Barrowclough, G. F. 1980. Gene flow, effective population sizes, andgenetic variance components in birds. Evolution 34:789-798.Barrowelough, G. F., and S. L. Coats. 1985. The demography andpopulation genetics of owls with special reference to theconservation of the spotted owl (Strix occidentalis). Pages 74-85 In R. J. Gutierrez and A. B. Carey, eds. Ecology andmanagement of the spotted owl in the Pacific Northwest.Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experimental Station,General Technical Report PNW- 185, Portland, Oregon.Barrowclough, G. F., and R. J. Gutierrez. 1990. Genetic variation anddifferentiation in the spotted owl (Strtx occidentalis). Auk107:737-744.231
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I 1.2:Sp 6/draftRecovery Plan for t
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List of FiguresTable 4.1 Abbreviate
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Recovery ObjectiveSecretary of the
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Management Rules for Designated Con
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Monitoring and Research ProgramThe
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Chapter IIntroduction1
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"Threatened species" means a specie
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B. The Interagency Scientific Commi
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lished works and many government do
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II.A. Natural History of theNorther
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I- \IzXelT - - -.11 I..., ... I.."
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spring. Territories probably are sm
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Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentil
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also use a variety of nest sites in
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Home Range SizeHome range is define
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Table 2.2. Median amounts of old-gr
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3. Life Historycannot reject the hy
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Dispersal1984, Thomas et al. 1990,
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4. ConclusionOur knowledge of the n
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Ca n a d aEastern Washington Cascad
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Table 2.3. Estimated spotted owl ha
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Table 2.4. Significant threats to t
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Table 2.5. Results of surveys for s
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isolated. In these provinces, small
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centers for 30 to 35 spotted owl te
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Southwest Washington occupies a key
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Distribution of Habitat and Populat
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Province Isolation. The eastern Was
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were in suitable habitat condition.
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Estimated acres of forest landbase:
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owned and contain little suitable h
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Vulnerability to Natural Disturbanc
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Douglas-fir/hardwood types, the lat
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miles from the contiguous populatio
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In comparison, the southern part of
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Sacramento River Canyon now provide
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On January 11, 1980, there was an a
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vation Strategy for the Northern Sp
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transfer of one area to the Grand R
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The BLM Spokane (Washington) Distri
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3. National Park ServiceThe followi
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The results of a consultation are s
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- Since landowners already face cut
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4. Cumulative Effects AssessmentThe
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Assessment, Planning, and Monitorin
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Spotted owl nesting sites and activ
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Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhance
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including wildlife. In other cases,
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Currently, the Yakima Indian Nation
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where timber harvest is limited to
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III.A. Recovery Objective and Delis
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4. The population is unlikely to ne
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Needs of other species should be co
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years. The strategy of managing for
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't0
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Finally, the plan recommends mainta
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A total of 1,181 pairs of owls has
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DKnown owlsin the OregonprovincesKn
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mologists, and representatives of o
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this prey species is an appropriate
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After 100 years residual snags will
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2. Fuelwood Gathering. If allowed,
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The application of prescriptions A,
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owls. (Refer to tables in section I
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PRESCRIPTION D -RETAIN OWLS IN MANA
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126
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DCA Management Plans.The recovery p
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Endangered Species Act) or through
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6. Costs to landowners should be re
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The real or perceived disincentives
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authority of the public body to ent
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* Use the recovery plan's recommend
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140
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Supplemental pair areas - Habitat d
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Numbers of owls currently are estim
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Biological goals and implementation
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ning. Also, several unsurveyed area
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Owl pairsKnown owlsin the province3
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- Initiate long-range planning effo
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Table 3.8. Summary comments on the
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from nonfederal lands are needed to
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Eastern Washington Cascades Provinc
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(Owl pairs140 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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habitat in DCA WD- 16. Approximatel
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Table 3.12. Summary comments on the
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Ttllwrnook/Astoria area. Provide su
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connectivity between key DCAs. This
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ITable 3.14. Summary comments on th
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crest of the Cascade Mountains. The
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ITable 3.16. Summary comments on th
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sites on federal lands (figure 3.21
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Owl pairsL I 350- _ _ . ...........
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DCAs, often combined with adjacent
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Owl pairsLiKnown owlsin the provinc
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nesting and roosting habitat until
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Option 3: Management of clusters: g
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Table 3.21. Summary of acreage and
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Owl pairs -Known owlsin the provinc
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and to within 0.5 miles of the acti
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Spotted owls have been found at 86
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ITable 3.24. Summary comments on th
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their distance from other sites. Ar
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* Recommend population and habitat
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away in some or all of the range. D
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4. What are the population dynamics
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If the monitoring and research prog
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lowlands, eastern Oregon Cascades,
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210
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Stepdown Outline1. Management Tasks
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Table 4.1 Abbreviated Cost TableThe
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continued-TaskPriorityResp. PartyCo
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218
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220
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and the number of invertebrate anim
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Table 5.2. Numbers of other species
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Amphibians and Reptiles: Larch Moun
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228
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Barrows, C. W. 1980. Feeding ecolog
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Clark, R. J., D. G. Smith, and L. H
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Franklin, A. B., J. A. Blakesley, a
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Harestad, A. S., and F. L. Bunnell.
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Page 256 and 257:
Lundquist, R. W. and J. M. Mariani.
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Page 258 and 259:
O'Halloran, K. 1989. Spotted owl in
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Solis, D. M. 1980. Habitat use by n
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Young, K. D., A. B. Franklin, and J
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248
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250
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Table A.1. General approaches for e
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complete count of the territorial b
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Table A.3. Powera for various desig
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Table A.4. Illustration of a Markov
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Obviously, these statements hold on
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Table A.6. Reliability of trend est
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Demographic AnalysisAs noted earlie
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the estimate (using the simple equa
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however, we know little about the b
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Table A.8. Summary of information n
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predict the power achieved by diffe
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Other studiestached. If dispersing
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impractical at present. We describe
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Conclusionsthe year effect can be i
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280
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282
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284
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owls. Consequently, the issue of wh
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Use of the informationAssessments a
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Recent LiteratureWe might begin by
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Kerms (1989) measured habitat struc
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Hamer (pers. comm.) described 11 ne
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Table B.3. Percent hardwoods in the
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Table B.5. Comparison of habitats u
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Table B.8. Tree density (number of
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and numbers of trees, and percent o
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Under this hypothesis, owl fitness
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suitable habitat for that region (m
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ResultsDiscussionspotted owl habita
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__Discussiondata from 41 sites in t
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Recommendations for Future Research
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314
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Hamer, T. 1988. Home range size of
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318
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320
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Parameter Estimatesfor Individual S
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provided in Table C. 5. Study of th
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Table C.6. Summary of statistics re
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3. ConclusionsThis source of bias i
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330
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Gray Wolf .........................
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formed during the initial meeting t
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provide habitat for the numerous sp
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The ApproachA committee of the Reco
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The List of Threatened and Endanger
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Mammalsoldest trees in a stand. Eig
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ABBFigure D. 1. Distribution of: a)
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KTable D.3. A list of threatened an
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Fishestheir dispersal capabilities
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OlympicNorthcoastalRockyMountainSou
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continued-StatusabState Considered
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continued-SpeciesColumbia sidebandM
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endemic to the Pacific Northwest).
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------continued-SpeciesRhyacophila
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continued-SpeciesFed3tatusa bStateW
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StatusasbOld ForestState Associatio
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Summaryspores (Maser et al. 1978b).
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Biology of Owl Prey, Older Forest A
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Woodrats.-The dusky-footed woodrat
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and are less restrictive under stat
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Stock concept.-The term "stock" was
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Table D.10. List of fish stocks of
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continued-Steelhead-owipu Sea-runTr
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continued-BasinHoodWillametteRogueS
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Table D.13. Washington streams (or
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inland distribution currently decre
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nesting territories in the three st
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However, little is known about the
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Fisher (Martes penncmti)Distributio
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at one time supported marten popula
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each population of these animals is
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species also is found under the bar
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few meters from water after heavy r
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Page 414 and 415:
In considering the needs of other s
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Barrows, C. W. 1981. Roost selectio
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Clark, T. W., E. Anderson, C. Dougl
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Hamer, T. E. 1991. Habitat relation
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Page 422 and 423:
Mannan, R. W., E. C. Meslow, and H.
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Page 424 and 425:
Oakley, A. L., Collins, J. A., Ever
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Page 426 and 427:
Solis, D. M. 1983. Summer habitat e
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Page 428 and 429:
Washington Natural Heritage Program
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Page 430 and 431:
414
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f. Wilderness.g. Livestock grazing.
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Page 434 and 435:
I. Monitoring.1. Northern spotted o
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420
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here will reduce some of that habit
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424
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Page 442 and 443:
426
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Selection of Forest TypesAt the tim
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eceive as little as 25 inches. Disc
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Page 448 and 449:
A. FireThe combination and interact
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Page 450 and 451:
Table F.4. Important forest insects
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continued-Common Name Causal Agent
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Page 454 and 455:
D. DiseasesForest diseases in the P
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Page 456 and 457:
continued-Common Name Causal Agent
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Page 458 and 459:
continued-Common Name Causal Agent
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Page 460 and 461:
III. Forest Protection in theWest C
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120 100200 500I~~~~.K446Figure F.4.
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InsectsDiseasesInsects in this subr
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__hardwoods are immune. Shade toler
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Page 468 and 469:
pests (Schowalter 1988). Black stai
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Page 470 and 471:
tion and initial attack. If manipul
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Page 472 and 473:
log and snag density was likely low
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Page 474 and 475:
B. Management Effects on StandsMana
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Page 476 and 477:
units (underburning or lop/scatter)
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Page 478 and 479:
In the higher elevation White Fir a
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Page 480 and 481:
growth often increases (Reinhardt a
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Page 482 and 483:
50rcc4*0-cC)2M CmZ13010-yearI ,...*
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Page 484 and 485:
In the East Cascades subregion fore
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Page 486 and 487:
The introduced disease, white pine
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Page 488 and 489:
VI. Conclusionsmortality will resul
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Page 490 and 491:
Baker, F.A. 1988. The influence of
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Page 492 and 493:
Habeck, J.R. 1990. Old-growth ponde
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Page 494 and 495:
Perry, D.A., and J.G. Borchers. 199
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Page 496 and 497:
Weatherspoon, C.P., and C.N. Skinne
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Page 498 and 499:
482
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Page 500 and 501:
484
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Page 502 and 503:
area, structure, ages, location; ne
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Page 504 and 505:
Stand AFigure G.2. A--unthmnned Dou
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Page 506 and 507:
figure 0.3. Effects of thinning Dou
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Page 508 and 509:
II. Review of Natural Vegetation an
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Page 510 and 511:
western hemlock, and sometimes othe
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Page 512 and 513:
year intervals (Appendix F). With t
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Page 514 and 515:
Live crown ratiobecent)6050IStand A
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Page 516 and 517:
Basal area growth continued to incr
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Page 518 and 519:
technology probably will allow some
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Page 520 and 521:
Stand A. No activities (west side 3
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Page 522 and 523:
Stand A. No activities (west side o
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Page 524 and 525:
acre, 4 to 12 inches in diameter),
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Page 526 and 527:
allow redwood sprout clumps maximum
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Page 528 and 529:
KAge 15 years - 511 trees per acre,
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6Stems per acre100 _ Stand A. Natur
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Basal Area(square feetper acre)50 1
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Page 534 and 535:
* Opening the canopy in small patch
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Page 536 and 537:
Drew, T.J. and J.W. Flewelling. 197
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Page 538 and 539:
Miller, R.E.; D.L. Reukema, and R.L
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Page 540 and 541:
Tappeiner, J.C., P.M. McDonald, and
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Page 542 and 543:
526
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Page 544 and 545:
528
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Page 546 and 547:
6. Timber supply curve and economic
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Page 548 and 549:
scientifically credible biological
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Page 550 and 551:
E. Summary of Preliminary Estimates
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Page 552 and 553:
II. General Economic Principles for
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Page 554 and 555:
practices may be able to show how s
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Page 556 and 557:
Economic patterns show the efficien
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Page 558 and 559:
The sustainable yield concept that
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Page 560 and 561:
A. Previously Estimated Economic Co
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Page 562 and 563:
County receipts were estimated to d
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Page 564 and 565:
B. Potential Social Costs of Owl Co
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Page 566 and 567:
The contrast between the behavior d
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Page 568 and 569:
0U1 n1nDTable H.2. Economic depende
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Page 570 and 571:
cḻlTable H.4. Economic characteri
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Page 572 and 573:
An analysis completed by the State
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Page 574 and 575:
V. Preliminary Evaluation of the Ec
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Page 576 and 577:
25-° 20/0M 15-a)CLU)0 10-0CL 5 -0)
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Page 578 and 579:
25 -- 20-0co/o 15--Da)a0a)10m~ C) 5
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Page 580 and 581:
forestlands. The costs of productio
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Page 582 and 583:
In Figure H.8, the equilibrium betw
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Page 584 and 585:
foregone and the way they will save
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Page 586 and 587:
The income created by the purchase
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Page 588 and 589:
Two concepts are useful for underst
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Page 590 and 591:
y an estimate of the price that wou
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Page 592 and 593:
Table H.10. Comparison of timber em
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Page 594 and 595:
of the second year. The same assump
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Page 596 and 597:
are generally much lower than for c
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Page 598 and 599:
582
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Page 600 and 601:
studies at University of Washington
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Page 602 and 603:
586
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Page 604 and 605:
Most significant late successionall
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Page 606 and 607:
to evaluate options. Information in
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Page 608 and 609:
Q0Table 1.1. Estimated acres and ow
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Page 610 and 611:
soTable 1.3. Estimated acres and ow
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Page 612 and 613:
01CDarTable 1.5. Size class distrib
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Page 614 and 615:
Table 1.8. Frequency distribution o
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Page 616 and 617:
Literature CitedThomas, J.W., E.D.
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Page 618 and 619:
602
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Page 620 and 621:
- The overlap of home ranges among
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Page 622 and 623:
Table J.2. Acreage and owl numbers
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Page 624 and 625:
continuedDCA Land AcreageIdent. Sta
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Page 626 and 627:
Table J.4. Acreage and owl numbers
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Page 628 and 629:
Table J.5. Acreage and owl numbers
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Page 630 and 631:
Table J.6. Acreage and owl numbers
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Page 632 and 633:
Table J.7. Acreage and owl numbers
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Page 634 and 635:
Table J.9. Acrea ?e and owl numbers
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Page 636 and 637:
Table J.10. Acreage and owl numbers
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Page 638 and 639:
continued-DCA LandIdent. StatusAcre
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Page 640 and 641:
-DCAIdent.LandStatusAcreageNRF Tota
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Page 642 and 643:
626
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Page 644 and 645:
Experience Includes: Assistant Dire
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Page 646 and 647:
Education: B.S. in forestry from Or
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Page 648 and 649:
Team SupportCharles Bruce, Oregon D
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Page 650 and 651:
continued-1 5-24-91 Other SpeciesSu
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Page 652 and 653:
continued-9-16 thru9-20-919-19-91Sp
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Page 654 and 655:
Perry, D. 1991. The ecology of coar
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Page 656 and 657:
2mandate the achievement of recover
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Page 658 and 659:
642
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Page 660 and 661:
644
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Page 662 and 663:
Aspect - the direction a slope face
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Page 664 and 665:
Congressionally classified and desi
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Page 666 and 667:
Empirical - derived from direct obs
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Page 668 and 669:
Hummocky - a landscape characterize
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Page 670 and 671:
Mixed conifer - as used in this doc
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Page 672 and 673:
Potential habitat - a stand of tree
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Page 674 and 675:
Sensitive species - those species t
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Page 676 and 677:
Take -Uunder the Endangered Species
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Page 678:
wild, scenic, or recreational by an
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