Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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The application of prescriptions A, B, and C is essential to achieve recovery.Prescription D is recommended as a supplement to prescription A and couldspeed recovery of the species while providing benefits to other species.PRESCRIPTION A -CENTERMAINTAIN DISPERSAL HABITAT AND ACTIVITYManagement objectiveProvide habitat to support dispersing owls and maintain residual habitatareas that protect activity centersfor pairs and territorial singles in thematrix. The other matrix prescriptions are supplemental to this minimumrequirement.Discussion. The minimum role of the matrix is to provide habitat conditionsadequate to assure at least short-term survival of a significant proportion ofdispersing owls (see sections II.A. and III.B.) To achieve species recovery, thematrix must play this role. The matrix also must protect a given number ofowl activity centers referred to as residual habitat areas. The size requirementfor residual habitat areas is based on information about home ranges usedduring the breeding season. These areas will not meet long-term needs of owls.However, they will provide areas of high-quality habitat for dispersing owls,prevent the direct elimination of nesting areas, and provide cores of suitablehabitat to preserve future options for managing owls in the matrix. Given therecovery objective to reestablish owls throughout the landscape, providingresidual habitat areas is essential.Criterion for applying prescriptionManagement to achieve these minimum matrix objectives will be practiced onfederal lands throughout the range of the owl where forests are sufficientlyproductive to attain the conditions specified.Management guidelinesfor prescription AI .The number of residual habitat areas to be provided is based on densitiesof owl pairs observed in study areas. These target densities vary byprovince where appropriate (Table 3.2).Table 3.2. Density of residual habitat areasPhysiographic ProvinceAreasPer TownshipOlympic Peninsula 4Western Washington Cascades 6Eastern Washington Cascades 6Western Oregon Cascades 8Eastern Oregon Cascades 6Oregon Coast RangeKlamath (Oregon and California)810California Coast RangeCalifornia Cascades106120
2. Residual habitat areas will be provided for all known and newly discoveredpairs and territorial singles up to this density.3. Each residual habitat area will include a minimum of 100 acres of suitablehabitat as close to the nest site or activity center as possible. This isintended to preserve an intensively used portion of the breeding seasonhome range. Timber management within this area is not appropriate.Management around the area will be designed to reduce the risks ofnatural and human-caused disturbance.4. At least 50 percent of the federal forest matrix outside of the DCAs will bemanaged to provide stands of trees that average at least 11 inches dbhand have at least 40 percent canopy closure. This guideline will beapplied on each quarter-township, and will be calculated based on theamount of federal land within that quarter-township. Calculation shouldbe made separately for lands managed by each of the federal agencies.All forested land that is capable of attaining the 1 -inch dbh standardand the 40 percent canopy closure standard will be included in thecalculation. Hardwoods may be included in meeting the canopy closureguideline, but excluded from the diameter calculation where they normallydo not attain that size. Canopy contribution will be counted onlyfor evergreen hardwoods. There should be reasonable flying space underthe hardwood canopy (i.e., 6 or more feet between the bottom of thehardwood canopy and the top of the shrub layer). Reserved pair areas(see matrix prescription B), managed pair areas (see matrix prescriptionC), and residual habitat areas may be included in the calculation.In general, a stand meets the guideline if the tree of average basal area isat least 11 inches dbh and the total canopy closure is more than 40percent. However, where there is much variation in dbh, the intent isthat 40 percent canopy closure be contributed by trees which meet the1 -inch dbh standard.PRESCRIPTION B -SUPPLEMENT DCA NETWORKManagement objectiveProvide habitat (reserved pair areas)for pairs and territorial singles in thematrix to supplement the DCA network where the network is deficientbecause itfails to meet: 1) spacing criteria; 2) criteriafor existing habitatacreage: and/or 3) criteria for either existing pairs orfuture pairs.Discussion. Existing habitat and landownership conditions make it impossibleto implement a fully adequate network of DCAs across the owl's entire range.At numerous locations the existing distribution of habitat and/or owls necessitateddeviation from the size, spacing, or owl numbers criteria (section III.C.2).Where these deficiencies are significant, it is important to supplement theDCAs by maintaining additional suitable habitat and owl locations in thematrix. This reinforcement of the matrix population will improve stability ofthe owl population in the DCA and provide additional assurance of dispersalsuccess across the matrix.Criteria for applying prescriptionReserved pair areas will be established where any of the following conditionsoccur:Category 1 DCAs contain less than 15 currently known pairs and territorialsingles, or have a current expected capability to support fewer than 20 pairs of121
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I 1.2:Sp 6/draftRecovery Plan for t
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List of FiguresTable 4.1 Abbreviate
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Recovery ObjectiveSecretary of the
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Management Rules for Designated Con
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Monitoring and Research ProgramThe
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Chapter IIntroduction1
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"Threatened species" means a specie
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B. The Interagency Scientific Commi
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lished works and many government do
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II.A. Natural History of theNorther
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I- \IzXelT - - -.11 I..., ... I.."
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spring. Territories probably are sm
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Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentil
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also use a variety of nest sites in
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Home Range SizeHome range is define
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Table 2.2. Median amounts of old-gr
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3. Life Historycannot reject the hy
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Dispersal1984, Thomas et al. 1990,
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4. ConclusionOur knowledge of the n
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Ca n a d aEastern Washington Cascad
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Table 2.3. Estimated spotted owl ha
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Table 2.4. Significant threats to t
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Table 2.5. Results of surveys for s
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isolated. In these provinces, small
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centers for 30 to 35 spotted owl te
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Southwest Washington occupies a key
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Distribution of Habitat and Populat
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Province Isolation. The eastern Was
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were in suitable habitat condition.
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Estimated acres of forest landbase:
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owned and contain little suitable h
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Vulnerability to Natural Disturbanc
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Douglas-fir/hardwood types, the lat
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miles from the contiguous populatio
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In comparison, the southern part of
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Sacramento River Canyon now provide
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On January 11, 1980, there was an a
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vation Strategy for the Northern Sp
Page 86 and 87: transfer of one area to the Grand R
Page 88 and 89: The BLM Spokane (Washington) Distri
Page 90 and 91: 3. National Park ServiceThe followi
Page 92 and 93: The results of a consultation are s
Page 94 and 95: - Since landowners already face cut
Page 96 and 97: 4. Cumulative Effects AssessmentThe
Page 98 and 99: Assessment, Planning, and Monitorin
Page 100 and 101: Spotted owl nesting sites and activ
Page 102 and 103: Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhance
Page 104 and 105: including wildlife. In other cases,
Page 106 and 107: Currently, the Yakima Indian Nation
Page 108 and 109: where timber harvest is limited to
Page 111 and 112: III.A. Recovery Objective and Delis
Page 113: 4. The population is unlikely to ne
Page 116 and 117: Needs of other species should be co
Page 118 and 119: years. The strategy of managing for
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Page 122 and 123: Finally, the plan recommends mainta
Page 124 and 125: A total of 1,181 pairs of owls has
Page 126 and 127: DKnown owlsin the OregonprovincesKn
Page 128 and 129: mologists, and representatives of o
Page 130 and 131: this prey species is an appropriate
Page 132 and 133: After 100 years residual snags will
Page 134 and 135: 2. Fuelwood Gathering. If allowed,
Page 138 and 139: owls. (Refer to tables in section I
Page 140 and 141: PRESCRIPTION D -RETAIN OWLS IN MANA
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Page 144 and 145: DCA Management Plans.The recovery p
Page 146 and 147: Endangered Species Act) or through
Page 148 and 149: 6. Costs to landowners should be re
Page 150 and 151: The real or perceived disincentives
Page 152 and 153: authority of the public body to ent
Page 154 and 155: * Use the recovery plan's recommend
Page 156 and 157: 140
Page 158 and 159: Supplemental pair areas - Habitat d
Page 160 and 161: Numbers of owls currently are estim
Page 162 and 163: Biological goals and implementation
Page 164 and 165: ning. Also, several unsurveyed area
Page 166 and 167: Owl pairsKnown owlsin the province3
Page 168 and 169: - Initiate long-range planning effo
Page 170 and 171: Table 3.8. Summary comments on the
Page 172 and 173: from nonfederal lands are needed to
Page 174 and 175: Eastern Washington Cascades Provinc
Page 176 and 177: (Owl pairs140 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Page 178 and 179: habitat in DCA WD- 16. Approximatel
Page 180 and 181: Table 3.12. Summary comments on the
Page 182 and 183: Ttllwrnook/Astoria area. Provide su
Page 184 and 185: connectivity between key DCAs. This
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ITable 3.14. Summary comments on th
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crest of the Cascade Mountains. The
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sites on federal lands (figure 3.21
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Owl pairsL I 350- _ _ . ...........
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DCAs, often combined with adjacent
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Owl pairsLiKnown owlsin the provinc
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nesting and roosting habitat until
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Option 3: Management of clusters: g
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Table 3.21. Summary of acreage and
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Owl pairs -Known owlsin the provinc
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and to within 0.5 miles of the acti
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Spotted owls have been found at 86
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their distance from other sites. Ar
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* Recommend population and habitat
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away in some or all of the range. D
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4. What are the population dynamics
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If the monitoring and research prog
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lowlands, eastern Oregon Cascades,
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210
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Stepdown Outline1. Management Tasks
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Table 4.1 Abbreviated Cost TableThe
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continued-TaskPriorityResp. PartyCo
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218
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220
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and the number of invertebrate anim
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Table 5.2. Numbers of other species
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Amphibians and Reptiles: Larch Moun
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228
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230
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Barrows, C. W. 1980. Feeding ecolog
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Clark, R. J., D. G. Smith, and L. H
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Franklin, A. B., J. A. Blakesley, a
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Harestad, A. S., and F. L. Bunnell.
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Lundquist, R. W. and J. M. Mariani.
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O'Halloran, K. 1989. Spotted owl in
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Solis, D. M. 1980. Habitat use by n
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Young, K. D., A. B. Franklin, and J
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248
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250
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Table A.1. General approaches for e
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complete count of the territorial b
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Table A.3. Powera for various desig
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Table A.4. Illustration of a Markov
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Obviously, these statements hold on
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Table A.6. Reliability of trend est
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Demographic AnalysisAs noted earlie
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the estimate (using the simple equa
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however, we know little about the b
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Table A.8. Summary of information n
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predict the power achieved by diffe
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Other studiestached. If dispersing
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impractical at present. We describe
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Conclusionsthe year effect can be i
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280
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282
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284
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owls. Consequently, the issue of wh
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Use of the informationAssessments a
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Recent LiteratureWe might begin by
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Kerms (1989) measured habitat struc
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Hamer (pers. comm.) described 11 ne
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Table B.3. Percent hardwoods in the
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Table B.5. Comparison of habitats u
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Table B.8. Tree density (number of
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and numbers of trees, and percent o
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Under this hypothesis, owl fitness
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suitable habitat for that region (m
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ResultsDiscussionspotted owl habita
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__Discussiondata from 41 sites in t
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Recommendations for Future Research
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314
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Hamer, T. 1988. Home range size of
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318
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320
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Parameter Estimatesfor Individual S
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provided in Table C. 5. Study of th
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Table C.6. Summary of statistics re
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3. ConclusionsThis source of bias i
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330
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Gray Wolf .........................
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formed during the initial meeting t
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provide habitat for the numerous sp
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The ApproachA committee of the Reco
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The List of Threatened and Endanger
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Mammalsoldest trees in a stand. Eig
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ABBFigure D. 1. Distribution of: a)
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KTable D.3. A list of threatened an
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Fishestheir dispersal capabilities
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OlympicNorthcoastalRockyMountainSou
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continued-StatusabState Considered
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continued-SpeciesColumbia sidebandM
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endemic to the Pacific Northwest).
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------continued-SpeciesRhyacophila
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continued-SpeciesFed3tatusa bStateW
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StatusasbOld ForestState Associatio
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Summaryspores (Maser et al. 1978b).
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Biology of Owl Prey, Older Forest A
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Woodrats.-The dusky-footed woodrat
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and are less restrictive under stat
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Stock concept.-The term "stock" was
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Table D.10. List of fish stocks of
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continued-Steelhead-owipu Sea-runTr
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continued-BasinHoodWillametteRogueS
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Table D.13. Washington streams (or
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inland distribution currently decre
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nesting territories in the three st
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However, little is known about the
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Fisher (Martes penncmti)Distributio
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at one time supported marten popula
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each population of these animals is
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species also is found under the bar
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few meters from water after heavy r
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In considering the needs of other s
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Barrows, C. W. 1981. Roost selectio
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Clark, T. W., E. Anderson, C. Dougl
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Hamer, T. E. 1991. Habitat relation
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Mannan, R. W., E. C. Meslow, and H.
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Oakley, A. L., Collins, J. A., Ever
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Solis, D. M. 1983. Summer habitat e
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Washington Natural Heritage Program
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414
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f. Wilderness.g. Livestock grazing.
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I. Monitoring.1. Northern spotted o
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420
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here will reduce some of that habit
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424
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426
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Selection of Forest TypesAt the tim
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eceive as little as 25 inches. Disc
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A. FireThe combination and interact
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Table F.4. Important forest insects
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continued-Common Name Causal Agent
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D. DiseasesForest diseases in the P
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III. Forest Protection in theWest C
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120 100200 500I~~~~.K446Figure F.4.
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InsectsDiseasesInsects in this subr
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__hardwoods are immune. Shade toler
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pests (Schowalter 1988). Black stai
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tion and initial attack. If manipul
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log and snag density was likely low
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B. Management Effects on StandsMana
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units (underburning or lop/scatter)
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In the higher elevation White Fir a
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growth often increases (Reinhardt a
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50rcc4*0-cC)2M CmZ13010-yearI ,...*
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In the East Cascades subregion fore
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The introduced disease, white pine
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VI. Conclusionsmortality will resul
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Baker, F.A. 1988. The influence of
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Habeck, J.R. 1990. Old-growth ponde
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Perry, D.A., and J.G. Borchers. 199
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Weatherspoon, C.P., and C.N. Skinne
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482
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484
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area, structure, ages, location; ne
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Stand AFigure G.2. A--unthmnned Dou
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figure 0.3. Effects of thinning Dou
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II. Review of Natural Vegetation an
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western hemlock, and sometimes othe
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year intervals (Appendix F). With t
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Live crown ratiobecent)6050IStand A
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Basal area growth continued to incr
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technology probably will allow some
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Stand A. No activities (west side 3
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Stand A. No activities (west side o
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acre, 4 to 12 inches in diameter),
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allow redwood sprout clumps maximum
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KAge 15 years - 511 trees per acre,
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6Stems per acre100 _ Stand A. Natur
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Basal Area(square feetper acre)50 1
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* Opening the canopy in small patch
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Drew, T.J. and J.W. Flewelling. 197
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Miller, R.E.; D.L. Reukema, and R.L
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Tappeiner, J.C., P.M. McDonald, and
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526
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528
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6. Timber supply curve and economic
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scientifically credible biological
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E. Summary of Preliminary Estimates
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II. General Economic Principles for
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practices may be able to show how s
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Economic patterns show the efficien
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The sustainable yield concept that
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A. Previously Estimated Economic Co
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County receipts were estimated to d
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B. Potential Social Costs of Owl Co
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The contrast between the behavior d
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0U1 n1nDTable H.2. Economic depende
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cḻlTable H.4. Economic characteri
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An analysis completed by the State
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V. Preliminary Evaluation of the Ec
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25-° 20/0M 15-a)CLU)0 10-0CL 5 -0)
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25 -- 20-0co/o 15--Da)a0a)10m~ C) 5
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forestlands. The costs of productio
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In Figure H.8, the equilibrium betw
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foregone and the way they will save
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The income created by the purchase
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Two concepts are useful for underst
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y an estimate of the price that wou
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Table H.10. Comparison of timber em
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of the second year. The same assump
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are generally much lower than for c
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582
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studies at University of Washington
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586
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Most significant late successionall
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to evaluate options. Information in
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Q0Table 1.1. Estimated acres and ow
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soTable 1.3. Estimated acres and ow
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01CDarTable 1.5. Size class distrib
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Table 1.8. Frequency distribution o
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Literature CitedThomas, J.W., E.D.
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602
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- The overlap of home ranges among
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Table J.2. Acreage and owl numbers
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continuedDCA Land AcreageIdent. Sta
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Table J.9. Acrea ?e and owl numbers
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continued-DCA LandIdent. StatusAcre
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-DCAIdent.LandStatusAcreageNRF Tota
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626
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Experience Includes: Assistant Dire
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Education: B.S. in forestry from Or
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Team SupportCharles Bruce, Oregon D
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continued-1 5-24-91 Other SpeciesSu
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continued-9-16 thru9-20-919-19-91Sp
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Perry, D. 1991. The ecology of coar
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2mandate the achievement of recover
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642
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644
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Aspect - the direction a slope face
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Congressionally classified and desi
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Empirical - derived from direct obs
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Hummocky - a landscape characterize
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Mixed conifer - as used in this doc
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Potential habitat - a stand of tree
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Sensitive species - those species t
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Take -Uunder the Endangered Species
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wild, scenic, or recreational by an
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Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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