Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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A total of 1,181 pairs of owls has been located on federal lands in these DCAswithin the last 5 years. This represents 48 percent of the 2,460 pairs of owlslocated on all federal lands during that period. The percent of owls included inDCAs by state is 81 percent in Washington, 39 percent in Oregon, and 54percent in California. Differing percentages among the states result from thedifferences in current population levels and distribution of owls. The DCAscontain approximately 7.5 million acres of federal land including approximately3.5 million acres of nesting, roosting, and foraging (NRF) habitat. This representsabout 48 percent of all NRF habitat on federal land. The percent ofhabitat included in DCAs by state is 55 percent in Washington, 44 percent inOregon, and 43 percent in California. A summary of the DCA network ispresented in Figures 3.1 and 3.6. The DCA network is illustrated on the mapsincluded with the recovery plan, and it is discussed further in section III.C.4.Additional pairs of owls on federal lands will be protected by matrix managementprescriptions. See sections III.C.2. and III.C.4.Management of DCAsEffective management of the DCAs is necessary to achieve recovery. Thissection describes the management guidelines that will govern activities onfederal lands in DCAs. These guidelines apply to the owl's entire range. Theymust be refined and use province-specific information before they can beapplied to projects. It is recommended that interagency groups be establishedto develop this province-specific guidance. Implementation of the guidelineswill be accomplished by preparing management plans for individual DCAs.The recommended components for DCA management plans are describedbriefly in this section and in more detail in Appendix E.The DCA management guidelines have several key objectives. First, they allownatural successional processes to continue operating in areas of currentlysuitable habitat. They focus silvicultural activities within DCAs on developingsuitable habitat conditions for owls where those conditions now do not exist.Another objective is to maintain or reestablish suitable conditions in areasbeing considered for salvage operations. Finally, maintaining currently suitablehabitat conditions is an important consideration in areas where there issignificant threat of large-scale disturbances (i.e., mixed conifer forests in theeastern Cascades). Some forest management activities which meet theseobjectives also may yield commercial wood products, but such products shouldnot be part of the programmed timber harvest. In addition, the DCA managementplanning process will allow other ongoing activities to continue withinDCAs where they are compatible with owl recovery.The recovery plan recommends the preparation and approval of a managementplan for each DCA before design and implementation of habitat manipulationactivities. Land management agencies may choose to develop these plans ascomponents of legally mandated plans (e.g., forest or resource managementplans), or as stand-alone plans. Agencies are strongly encouraged to developprovince-based planning guidelines as a basis for preparing plans. DCAmanagement plans will serve as overview documents that provide a frameworkfor carrying out specific activities. Individual plans should include: 1) ahistory and inventory of overall owl and habitat condition; 2) a description ofother resources and land uses; and 3) criteria for determining appropriatetreatments for specific owl needs and on-the-ground conditions within theDCA, consistent with the recommendations in this section and other applicableguidance. Individual DCA plans should contain oversight, monitoring, andevaluation components to help assure that activities are carried out as intendedand achieve desired results. Interdisciplinary teams that includewildlife biologists, silviculturists, forest ecologists, fire scientists, forest ento-108
Owl pairs400-_g ~~~~~350-Known owlsin the Washingtonprovinces-_in Washington .DAs 50-Nonfederal landFederal landAcres (thousands)Figure 3.1. Total known owl pairs in the Washington provinces and in DCAswithin the provinces.- ---........................ILII ~~~10,000--Total acresin the Washington 000provinces6,000-4,000-Acres in DCAs in 2,000the Washingtonprovinces 0Nonfederal land' Federal land NRF habitat 2Figure 3.2. Acres in the Washington provinces and in DCAs within the provinces.'Management of nonfederal lands within the perimeter of designated conservation areas is discussed in the narrative2 NRF habitat = nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat. This information is available only for federal land.109
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I 1.2:Sp 6/draftRecovery Plan for t
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List of FiguresTable 4.1 Abbreviate
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Recovery ObjectiveSecretary of the
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Management Rules for Designated Con
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Monitoring and Research ProgramThe
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Chapter IIntroduction1
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"Threatened species" means a specie
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B. The Interagency Scientific Commi
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lished works and many government do
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II.A. Natural History of theNorther
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I- \IzXelT - - -.11 I..., ... I.."
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spring. Territories probably are sm
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Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentil
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also use a variety of nest sites in
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Home Range SizeHome range is define
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Table 2.2. Median amounts of old-gr
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3. Life Historycannot reject the hy
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Dispersal1984, Thomas et al. 1990,
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4. ConclusionOur knowledge of the n
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Ca n a d aEastern Washington Cascad
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Table 2.3. Estimated spotted owl ha
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Table 2.4. Significant threats to t
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Table 2.5. Results of surveys for s
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isolated. In these provinces, small
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centers for 30 to 35 spotted owl te
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Southwest Washington occupies a key
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Distribution of Habitat and Populat
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Province Isolation. The eastern Was
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were in suitable habitat condition.
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Estimated acres of forest landbase:
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owned and contain little suitable h
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Vulnerability to Natural Disturbanc
Page 74 and 75: Douglas-fir/hardwood types, the lat
Page 76 and 77: miles from the contiguous populatio
Page 78 and 79: In comparison, the southern part of
Page 80 and 81: Sacramento River Canyon now provide
Page 82 and 83: On January 11, 1980, there was an a
Page 84 and 85: vation Strategy for the Northern Sp
Page 86 and 87: transfer of one area to the Grand R
Page 88 and 89: The BLM Spokane (Washington) Distri
Page 90 and 91: 3. National Park ServiceThe followi
Page 92 and 93: The results of a consultation are s
Page 94 and 95: - Since landowners already face cut
Page 96 and 97: 4. Cumulative Effects AssessmentThe
Page 98 and 99: Assessment, Planning, and Monitorin
Page 100 and 101: Spotted owl nesting sites and activ
Page 102 and 103: Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhance
Page 104 and 105: including wildlife. In other cases,
Page 106 and 107: Currently, the Yakima Indian Nation
Page 108 and 109: where timber harvest is limited to
Page 111 and 112: III.A. Recovery Objective and Delis
Page 113: 4. The population is unlikely to ne
Page 116 and 117: Needs of other species should be co
Page 118 and 119: years. The strategy of managing for
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Page 122 and 123: Finally, the plan recommends mainta
Page 126 and 127: DKnown owlsin the OregonprovincesKn
Page 128 and 129: mologists, and representatives of o
Page 130 and 131: this prey species is an appropriate
Page 132 and 133: After 100 years residual snags will
Page 134 and 135: 2. Fuelwood Gathering. If allowed,
Page 136 and 137: The application of prescriptions A,
Page 138 and 139: owls. (Refer to tables in section I
Page 140 and 141: PRESCRIPTION D -RETAIN OWLS IN MANA
Page 142 and 143: 126
Page 144 and 145: DCA Management Plans.The recovery p
Page 146 and 147: Endangered Species Act) or through
Page 148 and 149: 6. Costs to landowners should be re
Page 150 and 151: The real or perceived disincentives
Page 152 and 153: authority of the public body to ent
Page 154 and 155: * Use the recovery plan's recommend
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Page 158 and 159: Supplemental pair areas - Habitat d
Page 160 and 161: Numbers of owls currently are estim
Page 162 and 163: Biological goals and implementation
Page 164 and 165: ning. Also, several unsurveyed area
Page 166 and 167: Owl pairsKnown owlsin the province3
Page 168 and 169: - Initiate long-range planning effo
Page 170 and 171: Table 3.8. Summary comments on the
Page 172 and 173: from nonfederal lands are needed to
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Eastern Washington Cascades Provinc
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(Owl pairs140 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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habitat in DCA WD- 16. Approximatel
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Table 3.12. Summary comments on the
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Ttllwrnook/Astoria area. Provide su
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connectivity between key DCAs. This
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ITable 3.14. Summary comments on th
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crest of the Cascade Mountains. The
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sites on federal lands (figure 3.21
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Owl pairsL I 350- _ _ . ...........
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DCAs, often combined with adjacent
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Owl pairsLiKnown owlsin the provinc
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nesting and roosting habitat until
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Option 3: Management of clusters: g
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Table 3.21. Summary of acreage and
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Owl pairs -Known owlsin the provinc
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and to within 0.5 miles of the acti
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Spotted owls have been found at 86
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their distance from other sites. Ar
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* Recommend population and habitat
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away in some or all of the range. D
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4. What are the population dynamics
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If the monitoring and research prog
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lowlands, eastern Oregon Cascades,
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210
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Stepdown Outline1. Management Tasks
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Table 4.1 Abbreviated Cost TableThe
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continued-TaskPriorityResp. PartyCo
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218
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220
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and the number of invertebrate anim
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Table 5.2. Numbers of other species
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Amphibians and Reptiles: Larch Moun
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228
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230
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Barrows, C. W. 1980. Feeding ecolog
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Clark, R. J., D. G. Smith, and L. H
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Franklin, A. B., J. A. Blakesley, a
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Harestad, A. S., and F. L. Bunnell.
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Lundquist, R. W. and J. M. Mariani.
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O'Halloran, K. 1989. Spotted owl in
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Solis, D. M. 1980. Habitat use by n
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Young, K. D., A. B. Franklin, and J
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248
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250
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Table A.1. General approaches for e
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complete count of the territorial b
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Table A.3. Powera for various desig
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Table A.4. Illustration of a Markov
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Obviously, these statements hold on
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Table A.6. Reliability of trend est
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Demographic AnalysisAs noted earlie
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the estimate (using the simple equa
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however, we know little about the b
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Table A.8. Summary of information n
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predict the power achieved by diffe
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Other studiestached. If dispersing
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impractical at present. We describe
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Conclusionsthe year effect can be i
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280
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282
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284
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owls. Consequently, the issue of wh
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Use of the informationAssessments a
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Recent LiteratureWe might begin by
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Kerms (1989) measured habitat struc
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Hamer (pers. comm.) described 11 ne
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Table B.3. Percent hardwoods in the
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Table B.5. Comparison of habitats u
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Table B.8. Tree density (number of
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and numbers of trees, and percent o
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Under this hypothesis, owl fitness
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suitable habitat for that region (m
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ResultsDiscussionspotted owl habita
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__Discussiondata from 41 sites in t
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Recommendations for Future Research
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314
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Hamer, T. 1988. Home range size of
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318
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320
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Parameter Estimatesfor Individual S
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provided in Table C. 5. Study of th
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Table C.6. Summary of statistics re
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3. ConclusionsThis source of bias i
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330
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Gray Wolf .........................
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formed during the initial meeting t
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provide habitat for the numerous sp
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The ApproachA committee of the Reco
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The List of Threatened and Endanger
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Mammalsoldest trees in a stand. Eig
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ABBFigure D. 1. Distribution of: a)
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KTable D.3. A list of threatened an
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Fishestheir dispersal capabilities
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OlympicNorthcoastalRockyMountainSou
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continued-StatusabState Considered
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continued-SpeciesColumbia sidebandM
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endemic to the Pacific Northwest).
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------continued-SpeciesRhyacophila
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continued-SpeciesFed3tatusa bStateW
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StatusasbOld ForestState Associatio
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Summaryspores (Maser et al. 1978b).
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Biology of Owl Prey, Older Forest A
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Woodrats.-The dusky-footed woodrat
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and are less restrictive under stat
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Stock concept.-The term "stock" was
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Table D.10. List of fish stocks of
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continued-Steelhead-owipu Sea-runTr
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continued-BasinHoodWillametteRogueS
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Table D.13. Washington streams (or
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inland distribution currently decre
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nesting territories in the three st
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However, little is known about the
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Fisher (Martes penncmti)Distributio
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at one time supported marten popula
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each population of these animals is
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species also is found under the bar
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few meters from water after heavy r
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In considering the needs of other s
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Barrows, C. W. 1981. Roost selectio
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Clark, T. W., E. Anderson, C. Dougl
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Hamer, T. E. 1991. Habitat relation
Page 422 and 423:
Mannan, R. W., E. C. Meslow, and H.
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Oakley, A. L., Collins, J. A., Ever
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Solis, D. M. 1983. Summer habitat e
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Washington Natural Heritage Program
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414
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f. Wilderness.g. Livestock grazing.
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I. Monitoring.1. Northern spotted o
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420
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here will reduce some of that habit
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424
Page 442 and 443:
426
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Selection of Forest TypesAt the tim
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eceive as little as 25 inches. Disc
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A. FireThe combination and interact
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Table F.4. Important forest insects
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continued-Common Name Causal Agent
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D. DiseasesForest diseases in the P
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Page 458 and 459:
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III. Forest Protection in theWest C
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120 100200 500I~~~~.K446Figure F.4.
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InsectsDiseasesInsects in this subr
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__hardwoods are immune. Shade toler
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pests (Schowalter 1988). Black stai
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tion and initial attack. If manipul
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log and snag density was likely low
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B. Management Effects on StandsMana
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units (underburning or lop/scatter)
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In the higher elevation White Fir a
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growth often increases (Reinhardt a
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50rcc4*0-cC)2M CmZ13010-yearI ,...*
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In the East Cascades subregion fore
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The introduced disease, white pine
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VI. Conclusionsmortality will resul
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Baker, F.A. 1988. The influence of
Page 492 and 493:
Habeck, J.R. 1990. Old-growth ponde
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Perry, D.A., and J.G. Borchers. 199
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Weatherspoon, C.P., and C.N. Skinne
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482
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484
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area, structure, ages, location; ne
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Stand AFigure G.2. A--unthmnned Dou
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figure 0.3. Effects of thinning Dou
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II. Review of Natural Vegetation an
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western hemlock, and sometimes othe
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year intervals (Appendix F). With t
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Live crown ratiobecent)6050IStand A
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Basal area growth continued to incr
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technology probably will allow some
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Stand A. No activities (west side 3
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Stand A. No activities (west side o
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acre, 4 to 12 inches in diameter),
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allow redwood sprout clumps maximum
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KAge 15 years - 511 trees per acre,
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6Stems per acre100 _ Stand A. Natur
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Basal Area(square feetper acre)50 1
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* Opening the canopy in small patch
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Drew, T.J. and J.W. Flewelling. 197
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Miller, R.E.; D.L. Reukema, and R.L
Page 540 and 541:
Tappeiner, J.C., P.M. McDonald, and
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526
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528
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6. Timber supply curve and economic
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scientifically credible biological
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E. Summary of Preliminary Estimates
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II. General Economic Principles for
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practices may be able to show how s
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Economic patterns show the efficien
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The sustainable yield concept that
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A. Previously Estimated Economic Co
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County receipts were estimated to d
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B. Potential Social Costs of Owl Co
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The contrast between the behavior d
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0U1 n1nDTable H.2. Economic depende
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cḻlTable H.4. Economic characteri
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An analysis completed by the State
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V. Preliminary Evaluation of the Ec
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25-° 20/0M 15-a)CLU)0 10-0CL 5 -0)
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25 -- 20-0co/o 15--Da)a0a)10m~ C) 5
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forestlands. The costs of productio
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In Figure H.8, the equilibrium betw
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foregone and the way they will save
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The income created by the purchase
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Two concepts are useful for underst
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y an estimate of the price that wou
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Table H.10. Comparison of timber em
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of the second year. The same assump
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are generally much lower than for c
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582
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studies at University of Washington
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586
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Most significant late successionall
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to evaluate options. Information in
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Q0Table 1.1. Estimated acres and ow
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soTable 1.3. Estimated acres and ow
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01CDarTable 1.5. Size class distrib
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Table 1.8. Frequency distribution o
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Literature CitedThomas, J.W., E.D.
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602
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- The overlap of home ranges among
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Table J.2. Acreage and owl numbers
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continuedDCA Land AcreageIdent. Sta
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Table J.9. Acrea ?e and owl numbers
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continued-DCA LandIdent. StatusAcre
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-DCAIdent.LandStatusAcreageNRF Tota
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626
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Experience Includes: Assistant Dire
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Education: B.S. in forestry from Or
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Team SupportCharles Bruce, Oregon D
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continued-1 5-24-91 Other SpeciesSu
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continued-9-16 thru9-20-919-19-91Sp
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Perry, D. 1991. The ecology of coar
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2mandate the achievement of recover
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642
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644
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Aspect - the direction a slope face
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Congressionally classified and desi
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Empirical - derived from direct obs
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Hummocky - a landscape characterize
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Mixed conifer - as used in this doc
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Potential habitat - a stand of tree
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Sensitive species - those species t
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Take -Uunder the Endangered Species
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wild, scenic, or recreational by an
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Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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