8<strong>21st</strong> <strong>Century</strong> <strong>Glazings</strong> ...(continued from page 1)Fenestration Facts“Avariant of <strong>the</strong> liquidcrystal display technologyused in wristwatches is nowserving as a privacy glazing<strong>for</strong> new windows. Averythin layer of liquid crystalsis s<strong>and</strong>wiched between twotransparent electricalconductors on thin plasticfilms <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> entire packageis laminated between twolayers of glass. When <strong>the</strong>power is off, <strong>the</strong> liquidcrystals are in a r<strong>and</strong>om <strong>and</strong>unaligned state. Whenpower is applied, <strong>the</strong> electricfield in <strong>the</strong> devicealigns <strong>the</strong> liquid crystals<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> glazing becomesclear in a fraction of a second,permitting view inboth directions.”F A L LW I N T E R1 9 9 7Residential <strong>Windows</strong>John Carmody et al1996LAWRENCE BERKELEYNATIONALLABORATORYENVIRONMENTALENERGYTECHNOLOGIES DIVISIONBUILDING TECHNOLOGIESPROGRAMWINDOWS & DAYLIGHTINGGROUPtime failure as well as to diagnose<strong>and</strong> correct device problems(see page 5).Thin Film DepositionProcessesProcess modification <strong>for</strong> developmentof improved low-emittance<strong>and</strong> solar control coatingscan be achieved through <strong>the</strong> useof advanced plasma technologydeveloped at LBNL. Anewtype of constricted glow-dischargeplasma source was recentlyselected <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> prestigiousR&D 100 Award. Inventedby LBNL researchers AndreAnders, Mike Rubin, <strong>and</strong> MikeDickenson, <strong>the</strong> source was designedto be compatible with industrialvacuum depositionequipment <strong>and</strong> practice. Constructionis simple, rugged, <strong>and</strong>inexpensive. The source can operateindefinitely over a widerange of chamber pressure withoutany consumable parts suchas filaments or grids. Among <strong>the</strong>uses of <strong>the</strong> source are densificationof coatings <strong>for</strong> greater durability,crystallization at low temperatures<strong>for</strong> increased reflectivityor electrical conductivity, enhancementof reactivity to producean o<strong>the</strong>rwise unstablephase or increase depositionrate, <strong>and</strong> control over composition.Several of <strong>the</strong>se sourceshave been fabricated <strong>for</strong> specificuses by glazing manufacturers.LBNL will assist <strong>the</strong>se manufacturersto optimize <strong>the</strong> sourcecharacteristics <strong>and</strong> to developnew coating types. Recently, alinear configuration was successfullytested. Consisting ofan array of miniaturized versionsof <strong>the</strong> original source, thislinear source is extendible to adeposition system of any width.International Collaborationon Optical MaterialsLBNLstaff continue to participateactively in several international<strong>for</strong>ums under <strong>the</strong> auspicesof <strong>the</strong> International EnergySimulation tools, such as <strong>the</strong>se RADIANCE ray tracing images, comparevisibility of a computer screen with conventional clear glass (lower left),tinted glass (lower right), <strong>and</strong> electrochromic glass (top left), using two differentcontrol strategies.Agency (IEA). LBNL led <strong>the</strong>subtask on Chromogenics underIEATask 18 which concluded inMarch. Switchable glazing technologiessuch as liquid crystals<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmochromics, as well aselectrochromics, were investigated<strong>and</strong> compared. Asurveywas made of <strong>the</strong> companies involvedworldwide <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> statusof <strong>the</strong>ir technology. Test methods<strong>and</strong> results were compared<strong>for</strong> a variety of small sampletypes <strong>and</strong> some large electrochromics.Energy per<strong>for</strong>manceof <strong>the</strong>se technologieswas evaluated in ano<strong>the</strong>r subtaskled by Bob Sullivan ofLBNL. Reports were producedon various specific technologies<strong>and</strong> a final report will be availablelater this year. One newstudy used DOE-2 to evaluate<strong>the</strong> per<strong>for</strong>mance of angle-selectiveprototypes developed byProf. Geoff Smith of <strong>the</strong> Universityof Technology at Sydney.(See <strong>the</strong> regular update onIEATask 18 on page 2).Materials CharacterizationStudiesCharacterization of <strong>the</strong>se newglazing materials is an importantpart of our research. Structural<strong>and</strong> compositional analysisis per<strong>for</strong>med using a variety offacilites available at LBNL.These techniques range fromst<strong>and</strong>ard techniques such as x-ray diffraction, or less commontechniques such as Nuclear ReactionAnalysis <strong>for</strong> detection oflithium in electrochromics, toexotic <strong>and</strong> unique applicationsof atomic resolution electronmicroscopy or <strong>the</strong> syncrotron atLBNL's Advanced LightSource. Amore complete listing<strong>and</strong> description of <strong>the</strong>se generalmaterials science capabilitiesmay be found on LBNL's website, http://www.lbl.gov. Optical<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal characterization ofwindows are of particular importanceto our energy efficiencyprogram, so we maintainspecialized facilites in <strong>the</strong>seareas. Thermal facilites werehighlighted in previous issues.The Optical CharacterizationFacility <strong>for</strong> glazing is describedin detail in a separate article onpage 6.ContactMike Rubin(510) 486-7124 Fax (510) 486-6099e-mail: MDRubin@lbl.gov
Exciting New Publications<strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> Building Industry9Fenestration FactsResidential <strong>Windows</strong>,A Guide to NewTechnologies <strong>and</strong> EnergyPer<strong>for</strong>manceJohn Carmody, StephenSelkowitz, Lisa HeschongAvailable from W. W. Norton &Company, paperback, 214 pp,1996, $22.00. Website orders:http://www.wwnorton.com/catalog/spring96/073004.htmAcomprehensive overviewof design principles, applicationsguide <strong>for</strong> windows <strong>and</strong>skylights, description of latesttechnology innovations <strong>and</strong><strong>the</strong>ir energy impacts, <strong>and</strong> resourcematerials.ContactPat RossBuilding Technologies Program,Lawrence BerkeleyNational Laboratory,MS: 90-3111, Berkeley CA94720Fax (510) 486-4089e-mail: PLRoss@lbl.govTips <strong>for</strong> <strong>Daylighting</strong>with <strong>Windows</strong>:The Integrated ApproachJennifer O'Connor, Eleanor Lee,Francis Rubinstein, StephenSelkowitz, BuildingTechnologies Program,Lawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratory, 1997.Apractical "how-to" guide<strong>for</strong> applying daylighting strategiesin commercial buildings,with a systems integration perspective.Chapters include DaylightFeasibility, Envelope <strong>and</strong>Room Decisions, Glazing Selections,Shading Strategy, MechanicalCoordination, LightingCoordination, Sensors <strong>and</strong> Controls,Calibration <strong>and</strong> Commissioning,Maintenance, <strong>and</strong> Cost-Benefit Analysis.Review <strong>the</strong> table of contents<strong>and</strong> sample chapter under Publicationsat Building TechnologiesProgram’s web site:http://e<strong>and</strong>e.lbl.gov/btp. Singlecopies of <strong>the</strong> document can bedownloaded in PDF <strong>for</strong>matfrom <strong>the</strong> web site. If you are interestedin reprinting <strong>the</strong> document,please contact us.ContactSteve SelkowitzFax (510) 486-4089e-mail: SESelkowitz@lbl.govSelecting <strong>Windows</strong> <strong>for</strong>Energy EfficiencyThis 16-page brochure discusses<strong>the</strong> new residential windowtechnologies that have increasedenergy benefits <strong>and</strong> com<strong>for</strong>t,providing more practical options<strong>for</strong> consumers. Written as aguide <strong>for</strong> homeowners, architects,<strong>and</strong> builders, <strong>the</strong> brochureprovides guidance on <strong>the</strong> NationalFenestration RatingCouncil’s window energy rating<strong>and</strong> labeling, design recommendations,<strong>and</strong> a valuable windowchecklist <strong>for</strong> design, specification,<strong>and</strong> installation.Review <strong>the</strong> table of contents<strong>and</strong> download <strong>the</strong> document inPDF <strong>for</strong>mat from <strong>the</strong> BuildingTechnologies Program web site:http://e<strong>and</strong>e.lbl.gov/btp.Copies are available fromEREC/Energy Efficiency <strong>and</strong>Renewable Energy Clearinghouse,P.O. Box 3048, Merrifield,VA22116 or call (800)363-3732, fax (703) 893-0440.If you are interested in reprinting<strong>the</strong> brochure to include yourorganization’s identification,please contact us directly.ContactPat RossFax (510) 486-4089e-mail: PLRoss@lbl.gov“Adopt a holistic design approach,where <strong>the</strong> buildingis viewed as a whole <strong>and</strong>not just a collection of parts.Common practice oftenfails to address <strong>the</strong> criticalinteractions between <strong>the</strong>building facade (which admitsheat <strong>and</strong> light) <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>electric lighting system, resultingin an uncom<strong>for</strong>table<strong>and</strong> ineffecient building thatis expensive <strong>and</strong> difficult toretrofit.”Tips <strong>for</strong> <strong>Daylighting</strong>with <strong>Windows</strong>,The Integrated ApproachJennifer O’Connor et al1997F A L LW I N T E R1 9 9 7LAWRENCE BERKELEYNATIONALLABORATORYENVIRONMENTALENERGYTECHNOLOGIES DIVISIONBUILDING TECHNOLOGIESPROGRAMWINDOWS & DAYLIGHTINGGROUP