An Introduction to Argumentation and Debate - Bible Baptist Church

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Argumentation and DebateTaken from pages 11-22Logic and Thinking SkillsCome now, and let us reason together, saith the LORD. Isaiah 1:18I. The first thing to work on is the ________Logic and Thinking SkillsA. The mind must be developed through exercise just as the body is, and nothing gives themind a vigorous workout like debate. But, in order to learn to argue well, you must learn toreason well by using __________.1. Matt 22:37 Jesus said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart,and with all thy soul, and with all thy ________.2. Php 2:5 Let __________________ be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus.3. Mark 5:15 And they come to Jesus, and see him that was possessed with the devil, andhad the legion, sitting, and clothed, and in his ____________________4. Rom 12:2 And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the__________________________________________, that ye may prove what is thatgood, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God.5. 1Cor 1:10 Now I beseech you, brethren, by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that yeall speak the same thing, and that there be no divisions among you; but that ye be__________________________________ in the same mind and in the same judgment.6. Eph_4:23 And be renewed in the spirit of your ________B. Accepting truths without testing can ruin a person. See 2Corinthians 11:3C. Webster's 1828 dictionary gives this definition of logic: Logic is the art of using reason wellin our inquiries after truth, and the communication of it to others .... Correct reasoningimplies correct thinking and legitimate inferences from premises, which are principlesassumed or admitted to be just. Logic then includes the art of thinking, as well as the art ofreasoning. The purpose of logic is to direct the intellectual powers in the investigation oftruth, and in the communication of it to others.D. There are several principles we can glean from this definition. Logic involves:1. Correct thinking2. Correct reasoning, or analyzing our thoughts3. Making judgments about them4. The discovery and investigation of truth5. The goal of communicating that truth to othersE. As you look at this definition of logic, you may realize that you have probably used someform of logic every day of your life! After all, everyone thinks and reasons to some degree(at least they should!). You are using logic just by taking this class right now. You use logicto answer questions like,1. Should I go to college?2. What will happen if I jump out of this tree?3. How much money do I need to buy a car?F. Humans were created in the image of a logical God (not an irrational being or in the imageof a cataclysmic big bang). Since you are by nature a logical creature, why not learn to uselogic properly and well?Page 14
Argumentation and DebateII. Logic Already ExistsLogic and Thinking SkillsA. One important thing to understand about logic is that we humans have only discovered, notinvented it. Logic exists ~ because God created our world in an orderly way and created usin His image as rational beings. Thus, when we define logic and the rules that govern itspractice, we are really just discovering and using what God created for us to discover anduse.B. The form and structure of logic were systematized by ancient Greek philosophers,particularly __________________.1. Aristotle categorized logic into two basic types: ______________ logic and______________ logic. Both kinds of logic are important for the debater to understand.a. INDUCTIVE LOGIC is the process of reasoning from particular observations ofthe world to discover probable universal truths.b. DEDUCTIVE LOGIC, on the other hand, is based on mathematical structures andinvolves the process of reasoning from universal statements (or premises) that leadto certain truth when the structures are properly followed. Debaters tend to rely oninductive logic more heavily than deductive logic, especially in policy debate.2. Inductive logic lends itself well to studies of politics and human behaviour (as in policydebate), while deductive logic is better used when dealing with philosophical concepts(as in value debate).III. INDUCTIVE LOGICA. Inductive logic is the process of reasoning from particular observations to general truths.1. For example, suppose you go to a grocery store in the next town to buy a few items thatyou need. While there, you notice that the items cost less than in the store in your town.Therefore, you conclude that the store in the next town is cheaper than the store in yourown town.2. Your conclusion is only probable, rather than certain, because it is based on only oneinstance, only a few items, and only your observation. You have come to a conclusionabout the whole (the grocery stores) based upon the observation of one particularinstance (one shopping trip for a few items).B. Inductive logic begins with what we observe to be true in particular instances and then usesthose observations to form conclusions about universal principles. __________,____________________, social studies, and scientific reasoning all fall into the category ofinductive logic because they involve forming universal conclusions based on observing anumber of particular instances. However, it is usually not possible to observe every singleinstance when investigating scientific, social, and political truths. Unless you can observeevery single instance of a particular phenomenon or count every single item you arestudying, you can only make probable rather than perfect conclusions.1. Let’s say you are studying frogs. You observe that all of the frogs in your pond love toeat flies. Therefore, you conclude that all frogs love to eat flies.2. Your conclusion is only probable rather than certain because you have not observedevery single frog in the world.C. In general, the greater the number of observations, the greater the probability that theconclusion will be true.1. Polls ask questions of 1,000 people to make a conclusion about how the entire countrywill vote in a presidential election.Page 15
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An Introduction to Argumentation and Debate - Bible Baptist Church

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