Researchers - petroleum engineering colorado school of mines

Petroleum Engineering DepartmentFall 2011ResearchPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Petroleum Engineering @ CSM• CSM Facts– Located in Golden, Colorado – foothills of the Rockies– 4000 undergraduates, 1440 graduates• Petroleum engineering– 13 research / teaching faculty– $3.2MM new research funding in FY 11– Active research projects in• Carbonate reservoir characterization• Enhanced oil recovery• Unconventional oil and gas• Hydraulic fracturing• Pore-scale physics and flow• Drilling• CO 2 sequestration• GeothermalPETROLEUMENGINEERING

PE Research / Teaching Faculty• Linda Battalora(lbattalo@mines.edu)• Alfred Eustes(aeustes@mines.edu)• Ramona Graves(rgraves@mines.edu)• Todd Hoffman(thoffman@mines.edu)• Hossein Kazemi(hkazemi@mines.edu)• Mark Miller(mmiller@mines.edu)• Jennifer Miskimins(jmiskimi@mines.edu)• Erdal Ozkan(eozkan@mines.edu)• Manika Prasad(mprasad@mines.edu)• Azra Tutuncu(atutuncu@mines.edu)• Craig Van Kirk(cvankirk@mines.edu)• Yu-Shu Wu(ywu@mines.edu)• Xiaolong Yin(xyin@mines.edu)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

PE Research Centers and Institution• CEMMC – Center for Earth, Materials, Mechanics,and Characterization (Graves / Miskimins)• MCERS – Marathon Center of Excellence forReservoir Studies (Kazemi / Ozkan)• UNGI – Unconventional Natural Gas and Oil Institute(Tutuncu)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

PE Faculty and ResearchWhat is in this book?• Alfred Eustes – Drilling forpetroleum & non-petroleumactivities• Ramona Graves – Rock andCEMMC• Todd Hoffman – EOR for shale oil,Geologically realistic reservoirmodeling• Hossein Kazemi – IOR/EOR,reservoir studies at MCERS• Jennifer Miskimins – Stimulationand FAST consortium• Erdal Ozkan – Well testing /MCERS• Manika Prasad – Petrophysics ofOrganics, Clay, Sand, and Shale• Azra Tutuncu – Geomechanicsand unconventional gas• Yu-Shu Wu – CO 2 -EOR, CO 2sequestration, geothermal,hydrology• Xiaolong Yin – Pore-scale physicsand flow, phase behavior,suspensionPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Alfred William (Bill) Eustes III• Raised in southeastern US– Born in Florida– Graduated Ben Eielson High School (Alaska)• Education– BS ME, Louisiana Tech University, 1978– MS ME, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1989– Ph.D. PE, Colorado School of Mines, 1996• Employment– ARCO Oil and Gas Company (June 1978 - April 1987)• Senior Drilling Engineer• Senior Production/Facilities Engineer– Colorado School of Mines (April 1996)• Associate Professor– Consultant• Ponderosa Associates• BP Alaska• Sklar Exploration• Fleckenstein, Eustes, and AssociatesPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Other Things About Me• ASME IPTI - Petroleum Division– Executive Committee member – sevenyears– Chair of the Division• NSF– Technical Advisory Board member forIce Coring and Drilling• NASA– Martian drilling operations– Astrobiology project reviewer• Chapter co-author– Drilling in Extreme Environments– SPE Petroleum Engineering Handbook• General Engineering– SPE Drilling Engineering Textbook• Drilling fluids• Drilling problems• Society of Petroleum Engineers• American Association of DrillingEngineers– Student chapter faculty advisor• International Association of DrillingContractors• Sigma Xi• Civil Air Patrol• CSM– Undergraduate CoordinatorPETROLEUMENGINEERING7

CoursesUndergraduatE– PEGN 311 – Drilling Engineering– PEGN 361 – CompletionEngineering• Other classes– PEGN 315 – Field Session I– CSM 101 – Freshman SuccessSeminar– HNRS 312 – Foreign Area Study– HNRS 402 – McBridePracticum: Foreign Area StudyField TripGraduate• PEGN 502 – Advanced DrillingFluids (and Cement)• PEGN 517 – Drilling EngineeringPrinciples• PEGN 594 – Directional andHorizontal Drilling• PEGN 595 – Drilling Operations• PEGN 596 – Advanced Well Control• PEGN 597 – Tubular Design• PEGN 598 – Underbalanced Drilling• PEGN 598 – Well PlanningPrinciples• PEGN 603 – Drilling ModelsPETROLEUMENGINEERING

DRILLING Research Projects 1992 toDate• Yucca Mountain Project– Vibratory Core Rod Simulator– Deviation Control Simulator– PDC Bit Frequency Analysis– Air Coring and Drilling Simulator– Fuzzy Logic Controller• Hanford Project– Resonant Sonic Drilling Simulator• Cougar Tool Project– Wave Propagation (Jarring)• Other Projects– Buckling in Curved Hole Project• DOE/BLM/USFS– Directional Drilling in the Rocky Mountains– Geothermal Drilling Risk Analysis• OMV– Benchmarking Drilling Operations• Ice Coring Project (NSF)– Review of US Ice Coring Operations– Next Generation Ice Core Rig– ICECUBE (South Pole Station)– Rapid Access Drill– Lake Vostok Penetration– Replicate Ice Coring• Jet Propulsion Laboratory Project– Drilling State of the Art Review– Prototype Bit Testing– Minimum Mass Flowrate– Autonomous Drilling Operations• NASA– In-situ Resource Acquisition– Asteroid/Lunar Drill Systems• Proposed– Real Time Drilling Analysis• RPSEA• Saudi Aramco• Rocky Mountain Operators– Geothermal DrillingPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Ice Coring and Drilling ServicesPETROLEUMENGINEERING

PETROLEUMENGINEERINGMars

PDC Bit Frequency SpectrumPETROLEUMENGINEERING15

MD [m]-16-8-4-2-1-0.5-0.25-0.12500.0156250.06250.1406250.250.3906250.56250.7656251Cummulative Deviation [h]OMV Drilling Benchmarking4321005001000150020002500Planned Runing Time [h]0 50 100 150 200 2500-10-20-30-40-50-60-70Act Runing TimePln Runing TimeLag TimeTotal for:All OperationsAvr Deviation: -0.53425926Accuracy: 0Avr Miss: 0.53425926• Use real time rig operational data stream• Historical• Real time• Determine optimal drilling parameters• WOB, N, Q, MSE, etc.• Determine precursor information• Disaster avoidancePETROLEUMENGINEERING

Drilling Education, Research, andService• Courses– What do you want?• Research - Open to opportunities– Structural analysis– Real time vibrational analysis– Geothermal activities– FEM– Acoustic analysis• Service– AADE, SPEPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Dr. Ramona M. GravesDepartment Head& Professorrgraves@mines.eduColorado School of MinesPetroleum Engineering DepartmentGolden, Colorado 80401 USAPETROLEUMENGINEERING

My PhilosophyIn order for use to stay a top quality graduateprogram…we must keep faculty - they are committed toboth research and teaching.… we have to have quality graduate students.… we must create a graduate environment ofscholarship, professionalism, and become agraduate “community”.PETROLEUMENGINEERING

• EducationMy Background– Bachelors in Math and Physics – Kearney State College (Nebraska)– Doctorate in Petroleum Engineering – Colorado School of Mines• Professional experience– 2007 – Present Department Head of Petroleum Engineering, CSM– 2006 – Present Co-Director Center for Earth, Materials, Mechanics, andCharacterization, CSM– 2004 –Present Professor, Department of Petroleum Engineering, CSM– 1986 – 2004 Associate Professor, Department of Petroleum Engineering, CSM– 1981 – 1986 Assistant Professor, Department of Petroleum Engineering, CSM– 1978 – 1980 Petroleum Engineer, Resource Services International, Denver, CO– 1973 – 1977 High School Math Instructor, NebraskaPETROLEUMENGINEERING

TeachingClasses currently teaching:• PEGN 308 Rock Properties• PEGN 413 Formation Evaluation and Gas Measurement LabClasses taught in the past:• PEGN 310 Fluid Properties• PEGN 316 Massadona Field Session• PEGN 439 Senior Multidisciplinary Design• PEGN 503/504 Integrated Exploration and Development• PEGN 508 Advanced Rock PropertiesPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Research Overview• Multidisciplinary Reservoir Characterization• Laser/Rock Interaction• Energy and Energy EngineeringPETROLEUMENGINEERING

RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZTIONCoresIlliteROCKSKaolinitePETROLEUMENGINEERING

Example (1) Research ProjectsSENSITIVITY STUDY OF FLOWUNIT DEFINITIONBY USE OF RESERVOIRSIMULATIONbyAnne-Kristine StolzSPE 84277PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Example Flow UnitsModel 1-homogeneousModel 2- GRModel 3-FZIModel 4-r35Model 5-PcModel 6-kh/fhModel 7-SMLPPETROLEUMENGINEERING

RF (%)Results706050403020100BaseCaseModel 1-homogeneousModel 2-GRModel 3-FZIModel 4-r35Model 5-PcModel 6-kh/phihModel 7-SMLP0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3Injected PVRecovery Factor versus Injected Pore VolumePETROLEUMENGINEERING

Conclusions• Numerical simulation is important to confirm the flowunit assignment of a reservoir, in order to avoidinaccurate prediction of flow performance.• Results of the numerical simulation are a strongfunction of geologic model flow unit definitionmethod.• Best correlation for a reservoir has to be establishedindividually, based on data available.PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Example (2) Research ProjectsDETERMINING THE BENEFITS OFAPPLYING “STARWARS “ LASERTECHNOLOGYFOR DRILLING AND COMPLETINGOIL AND GAS WELLSSpecial thanks to former studentsDarien O’Brien, Samih Batarsh, Bailo Suliman, ZaneGordon, Kristina LoopPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Quote"Drill for oil? You mean drill into theground to try and find oil? You're crazy.”-- said to Col. Drake when hetried to enlist support for hisproject to drill for oil in 1859.PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Laser-Rock InteractionEmitted BeamReflected BeamIncident Laser BeamScattered BeamRockAbsorbed BeamPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Berea Sandstone CT ScanSample ID: OBG3Duration: 5.2 secondsPower: 6.2 kilowattsContinuous BeamOrientation: HorizontalPenetration: 1.6 inchesCOIL LaserPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Example (3) Research ProjectsPorosity and Permeability Changes inLased Rocks Calculated Using FractalFragmentation TheorybyBailo SulimanCIPC 2004Calgary, CanadaPETROLEUMENGINEERING

What is a Fractal?• Originates from the Latin word factus which means tobreak• Collection of examples linked by a common point ofview• Method for describing the inherent irregularity ofnatural objects• Fractal Theory applies to artificially fragmented rock• Fractal dimension is a relative measure of complexity(the greater the number, the more complex structure)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Fractal Permeability Modelq(Flow Equations)Hagen-Poiseuille equation for flow rate though onestraight capillary of diameter D: D * P128* L * * 4 tDarcy’s equation for flow rate though a tortuouspath:k * A * Pq L t* PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Fractal Permeability Model(Length Equation)Relation between tortuous length, straight length andcapillary tube diameter by the power law:1D TDLTT( D) D * L0Where:L T = tortuous lengthL o = straight lengthD = diameter of average capillaryD T = tortuosity fractal dimensionPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Fractal Permeability Model(Combined Equation)Permeability equation in porous medium:kL0QPA1DT * L0128 * A * ( 3 * DPD TDP)*D3DmaxTWhere: D p = Pore size fractal dimensionD max = Maximum capillary diameterPETROLEUMENGINEERING

BeforeAfterPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Example (4) Research ProjectsReservoir Simulation of Combined WindEnergy and Compressed Air EnergyStorage in Different Geologic SettingsJessica NeumillerSPE 121934PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)PETROLEUMENGINEERINGFigure 3 Operations of a CAES facilitySource: (Ridge Energy Storage & Grid Services L.P. 2005)

Primary Research ObjectiveValidation of CAES in reservoirs– Use of Eclipse in CAES applications– CAES cavern modeling• Pressure Match and Results• Sensitivities– CAES reservoir modeling• Sensitivities– CAES modeling• 4 reservoir models with different geographic locationsand geologic propertiesPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Research Overview• Multidisciplinary Reservoir Characterization• Laser/Rock Interaction• Energy and Energy EngineeringIn general, any topic which helps us betterunderstand reservoirs!PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Todd HoffmanAssistant ProfessorBackground & ResearchPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Resume• Education– PhD, Petroleum Engineering, Stanford University, 2005– MS, Petroleum Engineering, Stanford University, 2002– BS, Petroleum Engineering, Montana Tech, 1999• Employment– Senior Reservoir Engineer, Golder Associates, 2009-2011– Reservoir Engineering Consultant, DRC Consulting, 2006-2009– Assistant Professor, Montana Tech, 2005-2008PETROLEUMENGINEERING

TeachingClasses currently teaching:• PEGN 310 Fluid Properties• PEGN 438 Geostatistics• PEGN 506 Enhanced Oil RecoveryClasses taught in the past:• Reservoir Engineering (MT)• Reservoir Simulation (MT)• Reservoir Characterization (MT)• Thermal Recovery (MT)• Senior Design (MT)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

EORResearch Experience• Steamfront stability in highly heterogeneous rocks– How viscous fingering influences recovery• Recovery mechanisms for steamflooding light/mediumweight oils (~20 API)– Thermal expansion, Vaporization, Viscosity Reduction• Miscible injectant (MI) recovered at producers– Estimating amount of lost MI during gas injection• Gas injection into ultra-tight, hydraulically fracturedwells (Bakken)– Feasibility of gas injection as EOR methodPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Geologically ConsistentHistory MatchingResearch Experience• Perturbing facies locations– Matching water cuts and GORs• Perturbing facies proportions– Matching breakthrough times• Streamline-aided history matching– Modeling petrophysical properties• Non-reservoir effects in production data– Only match reservoir behaviorPETROLEUMENGINEERING

FracturesResearch Experience• Estimating size of fractures connected to well– Conditioning to FMI log and PLT data• Modeling hydraulic fractures as a connection ofdiscrete nodes with conventional simulators– Find design parameters and model production rates• Perturb location of individual fractures– Match well rates and field pressurePETROLEUMENGINEERING

Current/Planned Research1. Geologically Consistent History MatchingFractured Reservoirs2. Accounting for Non-Reservoir Effects WhenHistory Matching3. Modeling Complex Hydraulic Fractures4. Multiphase Flow in Fractured Reservoirs5. Modeling Gas Injection into Bakken-type Shale OilsPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Water Cut1. Geologically Consistent HistoryMatching Fractured ReservoirsIn order to match historical production data, perturbproperties of the geologic model instead of the flowsimulation model properties. This results in a more realisticfinal model to use for prediction.• Fracture Locations - Sparse Networks• Fracture Intensity - Well-Connected NetworksUpscaling1.00.80.60.40.20.00 1000 2000 3000 4000Time (days)2 ref2 match5 ref5 matchChanges togeologic modelPETROLEUMENGINEERING

2. Accounting for non-reservoir effectswhen history matchingPremise 1: There are “non-reservoir effects” inmeasured production data (e.g. fluid in wellbore,pump inefficiency, etc.)Premise 2: Often these non-reservoir effects are notknown during history matchingIf the reservoir properties are changed to “match”the non-reservoir effects, model predictions maybe compromised.PETROLEUMENGINEERING

3. Modeling complex hydraulic fracturesSimple Bi-wing FractureComplex Hydraulic Fracture• Simple bi-wing fracture arenot realistic in all cases• Complex fractures are difficultto model, but more realisticDevelop technique to efficientlycreate complex hydraulic fracturesPETROLEUMENGINEERING

4. Multiphase flow in fractured reservoirsWhen are straight line relative permeabilitycurves valid for fracture flow? (gravitydominated flow?)When does gravity dominated flow occur infractures (aperature > a g.d. )?What is the average block size (sigma factor) forthat a g.d. for dual f conditions to be valid?In conjunction with Tom Doe (Golder)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

5. Modeling gas injection into Bakken• Shale oil reservoirs including the Bakken, Niobrara, and EagleFord, have substantial resource potential.• Primary recovery factors are going to be very low (~5-10%)• Additional recovery is challenging due to nature of reservoirs(ultra-low permeability)• Gas Injection EOR has potential to increase recoveryGoal: Accurately predict the injectivity, displacementefficiency, and recovery so the economic viability of gasinjection can be evaluatedPETROLEUMENGINEERING

5. Modeling gas injection into BakkenProspective Projects1. Core flooding experiments and MMP evaluations forCO 2 and hydrocarbon gas2. Fine scale modeling of hydraulic fracture to estimateinjectivity & near well behavior3. Pattern scale modeling to determine recoverymechanisms4. Reservoir characterization and sector scale models forproduction forecasts5. Evaluate different types of gas (CO 2 , N 2 , CH 4 )PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Multi-scale Multi-physics inImproved Oil and Gas RecoveryHossein KazemiChesebro’ ChairPetroleum EngineeringColorado School of MinesPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Bio• Began teaching at CSM in 1981• B.S. and Ph.D. from University of Texas, Austin• Member of National Academy of Engineering• Co-director of Marathon Center of Excellence inReservoir Studies (MCERS)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

MCERS• Mission: Bring together industry, academia, andstudents to collaborate on technical solutions ofpetroleum reservoir problems of timely interest.• Faculty: Dr. Erdal Ozkan (co-director), Dr. Yu-Shu Wu,Dr. Xiaolong Yin• Researchers:20 graduate students (16 PhD)• 1 research associate• 2 postdoctoral research associatesPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Teaching• PEGN 513 Reservoir Simulation I• PEGN 614 Reservoir Simulation II• PEGN 620 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs• PEGN 624 IOR/EOR and Compositional ModelingPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Two common questionsCan reservoir characterization help producehalf of the seventy percent oil left behind inreservoirs?Can we improve oil and gas recovery fromnon-Darcy hydrocarbon-bearing rocks?PETROLEUMENGINEERING

The arrow shows a droplet just about to drop off of the channelwall and to migrate as a spherical droplet(From: O’Brien, Thyne and Slatt, AAPG Bull, Nov. 1996)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

PETROLEUMENGINEERINGFractures in a corein Elk Hills (courtesy Oxy)

An outcrop of a Tensleep sandstone and Madison dolomitein Wyoming’s Alcova ReservoirPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Fractures across a range of scales(Courtesy of BEG, FRAC consortium)SeismicOutcropLogsCoreThin sectionSEMdmPETROLEUMENGINEERINGmcmsmm< mm0.5 mmms

PETROLEUMENGINEERINGBerea Sandstone, 119 md, Brine

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PETROLEUMENGINEERINGBakken middle member core(From: Pitman, Price and LeFever, USGS)

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Schematic of gas-induced and water-induced gravitydrainage in a fractured reservoirPETROLEUMENGINEERINGo

Injection rate = 5,700 rft3/dayPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Stimulation andUnconventional ReservoirsJennifer L. Miskimins, Ph.D., P.E.Associate ProfessorFall 2011PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Jennifer L. Miskimins, Ph.D., P.E.• Education– B.S. Petroleum Engineering, Montana Tech, 1990– M.S. Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 2000– Ph.D. Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 2002• Experience– Marathon Oil Company, 1990-1998– Colorado School of Mines, 2002-Present– Consultant, 1998-Present– Registered Professional EngineerPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Jennifer L. Miskimins, Ph.D., P.E.• Other– SPE Production & Operations Journal Executive Editor– SPE Distinguished Lecturer 2010-2011– Technical Committees• SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technical Conference, February 2012• SPE ATW Tight Gas Completions, May 2012– CSM, Diversity Committee Past Chair• Classes currently teaching– PEGN 316, Field Session II– PEGN 422, Economics and Evaluation of Oil and Gas Projects– PEGN 426, Well Completions and Stimulation– PEGN 522, Advanced Well StimulationPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Main Research Interests and Current Projects• Hydraulic fracturing• Stimulation and completions• Unconventional reservoirs• The Fracturing, Acidizing Stimulation Technology(FAST) ConsortiumFAST• 3DTIGHT – Hydraulic fracture modeling of tight gasfluvial reservoir systems• RPSEA – Cryogenic fracturing fluids• Proppant transport in complex fracturesPETROLEUMENGINEERING

What is the FAST Consortium?• Industry consortium, i.e. companies pay a flat fee and voteon projects that we propose and pursue• In existence since January 1, 2004• Have meetings twice a year, November and April• 30 member companies• Have been 16 various projects at given times• FAST’s Mission– Perform practical research in the area of oil and gas wellstimulation with an emphasis on:• Direct application• Timely application• Production improvement– Provide an opportunity for graduate students to work onindustry-sponsored projectsPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Project 10: Horizontal WellsPhase 2 – Optimization of Fracture Spacingin Horizontal Wellbores in UnconventionalShalesJonathan MorrillPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Background• “Stress shadowing”• Stress field increasearound fracture.• Direction of principlehorizontal stresses altered.• Direction of subsequentfracture changed.PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Implications• Use production to our advantage:– Initiate a shallow “S” fracture to increase reservoircontact.PETROLEUMENGINEERING

PROJECT#11 (Phase 2)Formation Face Damage and Gel CleanupSarinya CharoenwongsaPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Model DevelopmentGeomechanics-Flow Model(Reservoir Module)Fracture Propagation Model (Fracture Module)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Gel and Polymer Damage• Gel filter cake formation• Polymer adsorptionPETROLEUMENGINEERINGGel filter cake (Conway and Abney, 2003)

#15: Surface Monitoring ofHydraulic Fractures- Phase 2 -Spring 2011Carl NeuhausPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Stage II – Transverse Model – MSPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Fracture Complexity – Stage IVPETROLEUMENGINEERING

3DTIGHT Project• Industry sponsored consortium• Problem statement– Perform hydraulic fracturing sensitivity studies usingdetailed models of fluvial tight gas systems, built fromoutcrop and subsurface studies, to provide insight intohow hydraulic fractures propagate in these verticallyand laterally constrained systems.– Phase 2 is now approved – reservoir simulation of theoutcrop model and associated hydraulic fracturemodels.• Graduate students – Patricia Cuba and KellyRamirezPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Geologic Aspects - The OutcropPETROLEUMENGINEERINGHydraulic Fracture Modeling in Fluvial Systems(modified from Anderson, 2005)86

Reservoir Thickness310 ftPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Detailed Reservoir ResultsProppant concentration distribution in the “layer-cake “reservoir configuration. Effective lengths are shownwith the red vertical lines. The perforations are shown as short black lines. A color-coded overlay of the faciesis employed to better understand the fracture growth.PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Erdal OzkanProfessorCo-Director, MCERSResearch Interests & Research WorkPETROLEUMENGINEERING89

PersonalBACKGROUNDPhD, Petroleum Engineering, University of Tulsa (1988)MS, Petroleum Engineering, Istanbul Technical University (1982)BS, Petroleum Engineering, Istanbul Technical University (1980)Faculty at CSM (since 1998)Co-Director of Marathon Center of Excellence for ReservoirStudies (since 2005)PROFESSIONAL INTERESTSReservoir Engineering, Modeling Unsteady Flow in Porous Media, Pressure-TransientAnalysis, Horizontal Well Technology, Shale-Gas and Shale-Oil ReservoirsMISCELLENEOUS AWARDSSPE Formation Evaluation Award (2007)SPE Distinguished Member (2009)SPE 25 Year Club member (2010)Distinguished Alumnus, PE Department, The University of Tulsa (2007)SPE Editorial Review Committee Awards (1998, 2005, 2006, 2007)PETROLEUMENGINEERING90

PersonalACADEMIC EXPERIENCEFaculty at CSM: Prof. (since 2002), Assoc. Prof. (1998 – 2002)Co-Director: Marathon Center of Excellence for Res. Studies, CSM (since 2003)Faculty at Istanbul Tech. U.: Assoc. Prof. (1992 – 1998), Assist. Prof. (1989 – 1992)Visiting Professor: Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi (2011), U. of North Fluminense,Brazil (2010)Research Assoc. (on sabbatical leave from ITU): University of Tulsa (1997 – 1998)CONSULTINGOMV, 2010Marathon Oil Co., 2009Baker Hughes, 2004 – 2006Rosneft, 2007, 2010EOG, 2007Schlumberger, 1996 – 1997.PETROLEUMENGINEERING91

PersonalMISCELLANEOUS PROFESSIONAL SERVICES AND ACTIVITIES:Member: SPE Reservoir Description and Dynamics Advisory Committee (since 2003)Technical Director: SPE Research and Development Technical Section (2007 – 2010)Chief Editor: JPSE (2006 – 2008)Executive Editor: SPEREE (2003 – 2005).Review Chairman: SPEREE (1999 – 2003)Assoc. Editor: ASME JERT (2001 – 2003), JNGST (since 2009), JPEP (since 2010)Technical Editor: SPEFE (1997 – 1999), SPEREE (since 2005)Editorial Board Member: SPEJ (1997 – 1999)Conference Chair/Co-Chair: SPE Unconventional Gas (2010), SPE Shale Gas Production (2008),SPE Unconventional Reservoirs (2008), SPE ATW Analysis of WellPerformance – Future View (2007), SPE ATW on Unconventional Gas(2006)Committee Member: SPE North American Unconventional Gas Conference (2011), SPE ATW onAdvances in Performance Diagnostics for Fractured and Horizontal Wells,(2007), 2 nd International Oil Congress in Mexico (2007), SPE Middle-EastColloq. on Pet. Eng. Education (2006), ASME Energy Sources TechnologyConference (2001), TCE/OMAE2000 Joint Conference on Energy for theNew Millennium (2000), SPE Forum on Res. Eng. Aspects of Multilateraland Advanced Wells (1999), 9 th Turkish Petroleum Congress (1992)PETROLEUMENGINEERING92

Research InterestsReservoir EngineeringModeling Unsteady Flow in Porous MediaBlock 1Block 211q e3q~ 12e3qz e 2q~e1z e 2e2 1~1~1~2~2y e2q e4y e1~1q w11q e5q w1q w2~~1q 2e1q e1q w1q w2~1q w21q e51q e4Pressure profile in ahorizontal well fracturex e1x e2~1q w1~1q w2~1q e2~12L h1L 1h1q e12z f2~2q e2~2q e1~2q w12L h1~2q w22L h2Semi-analyticalsimulation2z f12y f2y fHorizontal well in aheterogeneous reservoirL h =400 ft80 ft950 ft200 ft200 ft150 ft200 ft200 ft1600 ft200 ftPETROLEUMENGINEERING93

Research InterestsUnconventional Gas and OilFractured horizontal wellsy e = d F /2OUTER RESERVOIRHYDRAULICk o, f o, c toFRACTUREk F , w F , f F , c tfx eUnconventional flow regimes in shale matrixSlip flowMicrofracturesCoupling flow at the matrix-fracture interfaceGas storage in shalePRODUCTIVITY INDEX, J/n F , Mscf/D-psi 21E - 31E - 4Reservoir Fracture Permeability = 2000 mdMatrix Permeability = 10 -6 mdIncreasing numberof fracturesNumber of Fracturesper foot-------------------------------------1E - 51.2E - 08.0E - 14.0E - 12.0E - 11.2E - 11E - 61E - 3 1E - 2 1E - 1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 1E+4 1E+5TIME, t, hrProductivity of fracturehorizontal wells in shalex FINNER RESERVOIRNATURALLYFRACTUREDk f , f f , c tf ,k m , f m , c tmHORIZONTAL WELLTrilinear flow model forfractured horizontal wells in shaleMultiple hydraulic fracturesStimulated reservoir volumePETROLEUMENGINEERING

Research InterestsHorizontal, Multilateral, and Fractured WellsWell and Reservoir Performance PredictionMultilateralwellsHorizontal-wellfracturesHorizontal wellsin anticlinesPerforatedhorizontal wellsHorizontal-wellcompletion optimizationPETROLEUMENGINEERING

PRESSURE DROP, p i- p wf, psiResearch InterestsPressure-Transient Analysis1E+31.E+02Fractured horizontal well PTA1E+21E+11E+01E-1z1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 1E+4 1E+5r~yxC D= 0C D= 0.01FLOWING TIME, t, hrHorizontal-well skin effectk sSkinZoneksykszL hr~sk rPRESSUREDERIVATIVEHorizontal-well PTAkrykrzhr wzwp wD and dp wD /dlnt Dxf1.E+011.E+001.E-011.E-02F CD = 100Non square-ShapeSquare Shape1.E-03Radial linearoo 200 ftFormation linear70 ftPseudoradial200 ft1.E-041.E-11 1.E-09 1.E-07 1.E-05 1.E-03 1.E-01 1.E+01t DxfMultilateral-well PTAPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Books and Book ContributionsRaghavan, R. and Ozkan, E.: A Method for Computing UnsteadyFlows in Porous Media, Pitman Research Notes in MathematicsSeries, Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex (1994).Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Vol. 1, General Engineering,Chapter 3, Mathematics of Transient Analysis, Society of PetroleumEngineers, Richardson, Texas (2006)Transient Well Testing, SPE Monograph 23, Chapter 13, Slanted Wells, Society ofPetroleum Engineers, Richardson, Texas (2009).Transient Well Testing, SPE Monograph 23, Chapter 14, Horizontal Wells, Society ofPetroleum Engineers, Richardson, Texas (2009).PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Selected Recent Papers/PublicationsMedeiros, F., Ozkan, E., and Kazemi, H.: “A Semi-Analytical Approach to Model Pressure-Transients inHeterogeneous Reservoirs,” SPEREE (2010)Medeiros, F., Kurtoglu, B., Ozkan, E., and Kazemi, H.: “Analysis of Production Data From Hydraulically FracturedHorizontal Wells in Shale Reservoirs,” SPEREE (2010)Raghavan, R., and Ozkan, E.: “Flow in Composite Slabs,” SPE Journal (2010).Ozkan, E., Brown, M., Raghavan, R., and Kazemi, H.: “Comparison of Fractured Horizontal-Well Performance inConventional and Unconventional Reservoirs,” SPEREE (2011)Medeiros, F., Ozkan, E., and Kazemi, H.: “Productivity and Drainage Area of Fractured Horizontal Wells in Tight GasReservoirs,” SPEREE (2008)Ozkan, E., Raghavan, R., and Apaydin, O. G.: “Modeling of Fluid Transfer from Shale Matrix to Fracture Network,”SPE 134830, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy (2010)Davletbaev, A., Baikov, V., Ozkan, E., Garipov, T., Usmanov, T., Asmandiyarov, R., Slabetskiy, A., and Nazargalin, E.:“Multi-Layer Steady-State Injection Test with Higher Bottomhole Pressure than the Formation FracturingPressure,” SPE 136199, SPE Russian Oil & Gas Technical Conference and Exhibition, Moscow, Russia (2010)Brown, M., Ozkan, E., Raghavan, R., and Kazemi, H.: “Practical Solutions for Pressure Transient Responses ofFractured Horizontal Wells in Unconventional Reservoirs,” paper SPE 125043, presented at the 2009 SPE AnnualTechnical Conference and Exhibition held in New Orleans, Louisiana, Oct. 4–7, 2009.Wu, J., Georgi, D., and Ozkan, E.: “Deconvolution of Wireline Formation Test Data,” paper SPE 124220, presentedat the 2009 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in New Orleans, Louisiana, Oct. 4–7, 2009.PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Selected Research ProjectsInvestigation of the Coalbed Methane Potential of Turkey, funded by the State Planning Agency of TurkeyPerformance of Multiple Horizontal Wells in a Common Reservoir, funded by the Scientific and Technical ResearchCouncil of TurkeyOptimization of Horizontal Well Completions, JIP funded by the US Department of Energy, US Department of theInterior, Minerals Management Service, Associated Western Universities, and private industryOptimization of Plunger Lift Performance in Stripper Wells: Funded by the Stripper Well Consortium, PennsylvaniaState UniversityAnalysis and Evaluation of Horizontal Well Performance in the Bakken Shale of North Dakota and Montana, fundedby Marathon Oil Co.; with H. KazemiAnalysis of Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes in the Akal, Nohoch, Ku, Maloob and Zaap Fields, funded byIMP/PEMEX; with H. KazemiStreamline Simulation of Tracer and CDG Injection to Chihuido De La Sierra Negra Field, funded by Repsol, YPF,Argentina; with H. KazemiReservoir Study of Margarita Gas-Condensate Field, funded by Repsol, YPF, Argentina; with H. KazemiInfill Drilling in a Fluvial Reservoir Under Waterflooding, funded by Repsol, YPF, Argentina; with H. KazemiWasatch–Mesaverde Reservoir Characterization: Funded by Kerr McGee; with H. KazemiAn Efficient Production-Data Analysis Algorithm for Layered Tight-Gas Reservoirs, Funded by Shell CanadaPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Manika PrasadO-CLASSHColorado School of MinesPETROLEUMENGINEERING

101Resume• Education– PhD, Geophysics, Kiel University, Germany– MS (Diplom), Geology, Kiel University, Germany– BS, Geology, University of Bombay, India• Employment– University of Texas and Stanford University– Shell Exploration and Production, Shell International EP, Shell Unconventional Resources– Colorado School of Mines• Co-Director of Center for Rock-Abuse• Initiating OCLASSH (Petrophysics of Organics, Clay, Sand, Shale)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

102Teaching at CSMGRADUATE• PEGN 519 Advanced Well Logging• PEGN 598Z Rock Mechanics)• PEGN/GPGN 598W Environmental Impacts• GEGN/PEGN 598B Carbonate ReservoirsUNDERGRADUATE• PEGN/GPGN 419 Well Logging• PEGN 315 Field Session I• PEGN 316 Field Session II• PEGN 438 GeostatisticsPETROLEUMENGINEERING

103Research Focus and ProjectsResearch FocusRock physics of Clays, Shales, carbonates, and other reservoir sedimentsAcoustic Imaging of rocks and other materialsNanoscale determination of elastic and electrical propertiesResearch ProjectsDOE: Fluid and Rock Property Controls on Production and Seismic MonitoringAlaska Heavy OilsDOE: The Bakken - an Unconventional Petroleum and Reservoir SystemIndustry Consortium: Geophysical Properties of Fluids, Phase IV: Fluids in RocksPI: Analysis of Multicomponent Seismic Data from Carbonate ReservoirsNorwegian Research Council: Rock Physics of Soft-SedimentsPETROLEUMENGINEERING

104Addresses Main Problems of:• Gas adsorption, transport, capillary effects, pore size (NMR and Hg-injection),drainage radius, and storage in kerogen, clays, tight sands• Adsorption, desorption, wettability elastic, anelastic, electrical propertiesof clays, shales, sands, carbonates• Effective stress coefficient, anisotropy, natural fracture and stress systems• Formation resistivity factor of nano-darcy porous rocks• Pore system classification (macro, micro, nano, meso) and gas molecule size• Effects of mineralogy and composition on sand properties• Reactions between free radicals on sediments; clay mineral intercalation• Tortuosity of nano-darcy porous rocks; its relationship to formation factor• Water saturation in low-porosity rock; effect on gas adsorption / desorption• Cross-fertilization between CSM-UT Austin will lead to new research thrustPETROLEUMENGINEERING

105Benefits1. Scientific Advisory Board2. Address “unanswered” questions3. Address non-routine and fundamental issues4. Nano to macro scale investigations of seismic,electrical, flow, & textural properties5. Yearly meetings and reports; data; papers; reportmoratorium possible6. Collaborations with UT-Austin FE consortium oncore – log scaling and calibrationsPETROLEUMENGINEERING

106RHOB (g/cc)C66 (MPa)Modulus–Porosity–Kerogen ContentDensity - Porosity plus modified kerogencontent correlate better: accounts for kerogendensity.Reduce scatter in porosity – elasticmodulus relation by accounting forpore-filling kerogen32.524030BAKKENNIOBRARAAll OthersBAZHENOVWOODFORD1.510.5BAKKENBAZHENOVNIOBRARA WOODFORD0All Others0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5Porosity-modified Kerogen Content2010y = 30.436e -4.94xR² = 0.88100.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5Porosity + Kerogen ContentPETROLEUMENGINEERINGKC_ Φ = Φ + 0.4 KC

Transformation Ratio107Transformation Ratio, decPredict TR from E0.200.20.18TR = 0.0083*Young’s Modulus - 0.0793 TR0.160.160.140.120.12Mba (2010): The nanoindentationmodulus of “softer components”(kerogen and clay) increases withtransformation ratio (TR).0.10.080.080.060.040.04R 2 = 0.8R² = 0.82460.0200010 20 30 40 50Kerogen + Clay Median Young’s Modulus, GPa0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50PETROLEUMENGINEERINGKerogen+Clay Median Young's Modulus, GPa

Amplitude (mV)108Water Layer Size, d [µm]0.001 0.01 0.1 1Dry KaolinitePartiallydriedSlurry0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1T 2 Relaxation Time [s]Pore size; gastransportCapillarybound water800P-waves500S-waves4002500-400-8004 5 Time (µs) 6 7PETROLEUMENGINEERING0.550.170.39Prasad and Bryar, 20030-250-5000.390.550.175 6 7Time (µs) 8 9 10

109Biot's CoefficientBiot's CoefficientBiot’s coefficient Biot’s coefficientBiot's CoefficientBiot's CoefficientBiot’s coefficientBiot’s coefficient: SarkerAnalysis- Biot’s coefficient1.0Mancos Shale1.0Middle Bakken1.00.50.50.80.00 1000 2000 3000 4000Differential Pressure (psi)1Lyons Sandstone0.01.00 1000 2000 3000 4000Differential Pressure (psi)Cox Argillite0.60.50.500.00 1000 2000 3000 40000 1000 2000 3000 4000Pressure (psi)Differential pressure (psi)Pressure (psi)Differential pressure (psi)Sarker PETROLEUM et al., (2010): Biot’s coefficient calculatedfrom ENGINEERING specific storage measurements0.4Bulk density (g/cm 3 )Prasad et al., 2010: Biot’scoefficient calculated fromacoustic measurements

110Stress and AnisotropyISOTROPIC CASEPresuming no tectonic stressesand Biot coefficient ≈ 1 andapplying isotropic in situ stressequation Almost constanthorizontal stress throughoutupper, middle, and lowerBakken Fractures are notcontained in middle Bakken.ANISOTROPIC CASEAnisotropic conditions Horizontal stress different:PETROLEUMENGINEERING(Young’s modulus: E hhorizontal, E v vertical;Poisson’s ratio: σ h horizontal,σ v vertical). The variationbetween E v and E h gives adifferent horizontal stressprofile. Increased σ h in theupper and lower Bakken implythat they will be moreeffective in hydrofracturecontainment.

111PETROLEUMENGINEERINGCurrent Capabilities at CSMSEISMIC & ELECTRICAL PROPERTIESa) Multi-frequency acoustic and electrical property measurements under pressureb) Multi-frequency acoustic measurements (max. 150,000 psi, 1000 °C)c) Resistivity measurements under pressured) Uniaxial load framesFLOW PROPERTIESa) Nano-Darcy permeability measurementsb) “Regular" poro-perm measurementsc) Centrifuge to measure capillary pressuresd) Mercury injection porosimeterNANO- & MICRO-SCALE MEASUREMENTSa) Scanning acoustic microscope up to 250 MHz (up to 10 µm resolution)b) Micro-CT scanner (up to 10 µm resolution)c) SEM; ESEM; FE-SEM, Nano-indentation system (Material Science)QUANTITATIVE ANALYSES (including those with other departments)a) QEMSCAN, SEM, XRD, Rock-Eval, and optical microscopy, (Geology)b) Open Column Liquid Chromatography (Petroleum Engineering)c) NMR, FTIR, GCMS; MBMS (Chemistry and Chemical Engineering)

112Planned EquipmentUnder Construction or ordered• Pressure tests under SAM and micro-CT• Surface area / gas adsorption measurements• Geo-centrifuge cell to measure compaction dependentproperties (collaboration with INL)• Atomic Force Microscope to measure nano-scale acoustic andelectrical properties under stress and heat (Fall 2010)Needed Equipment• Dedicated electrical resistivity system (routine measurements)• Research grade NMR system with pressure vessel• Poly-axial test system (currently under numerical stress tests)• Tensiometer• Chemisorption• GHz-frequency Acoustic MicroscopePETROLEUMENGINEERING

Integrated Real Time Reservoir CharacterizationResearch Outlook – Fall 2011Azra N. TutuncuPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Resume• Education– PhD, Petroleum Engineering, University of Texas– MS, Petroleum Engineering, University of Texas– MS, Geophysics, Stanford University– BS, Geophysical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University• Employment– University of Texas and Stanford University– Shell Exploration and Production,Shell International EP,Shell Unconventional Resources– Colorado School of Mines• Director of Unconventional Gas Institute (UNGI)• Harry D. Campbell Chair, Professor of Petroleum EngineeringPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Additional Professional Information• Executive Board Member and Past President, American Rock Mechanics Association• Faculty Advisor, CSM ARMA Student Chapter• CSM Graduate Council Member• Author of more than 100 Shell proprietary reports and over 60journal and conference publications• Holds five U.S. patents and three international patents onexploration, drilling and stimulation techniques andassociated best practices• AGI Environmental Geoscience Advisory Committee Member• SEG, SPE, ARMA Editorial Review Committee Member• SEG Research Committee Member• SEG Global Affairs Committee Houston Area Representative• Licensed Professional Engineer in the State of Texas• Licensed Geoscientist in the State of Texas• 25 Year Club Member SEG, 25 Year Club Member SPE• Members of Pi Epsilon Tau and Sigma XiPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Teaching at CSM• PEGN 590A Reservoir Geomechanics (Fall 2011)• PEGN 593A Advanced Well Integrity (Fall 2011)• PEGN 498A Reservoir Geomechanics (Fall 2011)• PEGN 498A Introduction to Geomechanics (Spring 2011)• PEGN 598B Geomechanics for Unconventional Reservoirs (Spring 2011)• PEGN 598E Shale Reservoir Engineering (Spring 2011)• PEGN 598A Introduction to Geomechanics (Fall 2010, Spring 2011)• PEGN 315 –Field Session I (Summer 2011)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Student ActivitiesAt the Department of Interior, Washington D.C., Summer 2011At ARMA CSM Lunch & Learn Meeting, Golden, Colorado, Spring 2011Statue of Liberty, NewYork, Summer 2011PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Research Focus• Geomechanics and Rock Physics Measurements andModeling– Static, dynamic, petrophysical and transport characteristics of sourceand seal shales, tight gas sands, turbidites and carbonates at in situstress, elevated pore pressure and temperature– CO 2 sequestration impact on geomechanical and flow characteristicsof formations and seal integrity risk assessment– Monitoring of lifecycle geomechanical and flow properties ofunconventional resources, deepwater formations, HPHT andgeothermal reservoirs and their seal integrity for environmentallyfriendly, economically viable production from challenging reservoirs• Integrated Real Time Reservoir Characterization– Deformation, well Integrity, formation evaluation and monitoring inInclined and horizontal wells, compaction, subsidence, sandingPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Stress (psi)Stress (psi)Vp(m/s)StrainStress Path Dependent Rock PropertiesTerzaghi Equation600057005400Peff = 500 psiIncreasing PeffDecreasing Peffs eff = s v - P pore51004800C psi -1StrainL=3.916E-6Time (Min)45000 3000 6000 9000Pore Pressure (psi)12000100006.E-038980 psiP Hyd90007500 P Pore5.E-03P effStrain600050003.E-033000Axial Strain25002.E-03Radial StrainEffective Stress = 300 psi000.E+00-4.E-03 0.E+00 4.E-03 8.E-03 1.E-020 500 1000 1500 2000 2500PETROLEUMENGINEERINGC L =1.393E-6 psi -1

PETROLEUMENGINEERINGStatic vs Dynamic Young's Moduliin Shales and Tight Gas Sands

PETROLEUMENGINEERINGStrain Amplitude Dependence of Moduli

PETROLEUMENGINEERINGReservoir Shales and Seal ShalesNon-Linear Deformation Characteristics

Adhesion Hysteresis and FrictionMeasurements and Micro-scale ModelingF oF oClay PlateletClay PlateletPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Measurements Using Drill CuttingPore Pressure and Fracture Gradient PredictionPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Wellpath OptimizationOne of the Key Parameters for Borehole Stability andHydraulic Fracturing Success(SFIB, Stanford University)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Fractured Reservoir Characterization(Unconventional Resources and Carbonate Reservoirs)Natural and Drilling Induced characterization in a horizontalUnconventional wellPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Reservoir Characterization and UpscalingCore Measurements under In Situ Stress,Elevated PP and Temperature• Reservoir Scale: Seismic, Sonic, DensityResistivity, Imaging log data and analysis• Core Scale: Direction dependent acoustic and mechanicalproperties, strength, porosity, permeability measurements underrealistic in situ stress conditions using elevated pore pressure andelevated temperature, fractured (natural and induced) reservoircharacterization• MicroScale: CT-Scan, AFM, SEM, NMR, Surface Area, XRD,gas adsorption and dielectric coefficientmeasurements for micro-scalecharacterizationPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Coupled Geomechanics and Fluid FlowExperimental and Modeling ProjectsPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Coupled Geomechanics and Fluid FlowExperiments and Modeling Projects• New geomechanics laboratory equipped with directional deformation and acousticcapabilities and custom designed elastomers enabling seismic 0-200 Hz, 100 KHz and 1MHz ultrasonic frequency measurements using single core plug at in situ stress andelevated pore pressure and temperature conditions• Simultaneous measurements of acoustic, mechanical, petrophysical property andstrength anisotropy under elevated pore pressure and temperature conditions• Unconventional shale database for building up correlations between static and dynamicmoduli at true in situ stress, elevated pore pressure state and enhanced modelsincorporating coupled fluid flow and geomechanicsPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Velocity and Permeability Anisotropy Relationsunder True Triaxial Stress StatesCompressionalVelocityAnisotropyPermeabilityAnisotropyField FractureInducedAnisotropyPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Coupled Geomechanics and Fluid FlowMeasurements under In Situ Stress, Elevated PorePressure and TemperatureTutuncu(2010)Tutuncu(2010)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Coupled Measurements and Modeling• Dispersion (Frequency dependence) Upscaling / Downscaling• Anisotropy (lateral & depth /perm) Uncertainty & Reserves• Thermal (Temperature dependence) Seal IntegrityRisk Management,Surveillance & Monitoring• Triaxial (Stress/Temperature) Deformation Behavior,Risk Management, FracturesMultistage hydraulic fracturingDirectional (& Hz) drilling• Petrophysical (f/Perm/TOC,…) Reserve Analysis,Recovery Efficiency• Enhanced coupled rock physics model with fluid-rock interactions, perm alterationsand fully coupling with reservoir and geomechanics models• Coupled reservoir simulators to incorporate geomechanics and fluid flow in fracturedlow permeability formationsPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Operation Safety and Environment(SAGD Crater,Total-Canada)Anchor-handling tugboats battle the blazing remnants of theoff shore oil rig Deepwater Horizon (US Coast Guard, photo100421-G-XXXXL- Deepwater Horizon fire)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

(*) and OilUnconventional NaturalGas*and Oil InstituteUNGIhttp://ungi.mines.eduDr. Azra N. Tutuncu, P.E., P.G.Director of UNGIHarry D. Campbell Chair in Petroleum EngineeringPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Unconventional NaturalGas* and Oil InstituteUNGI• An umbrella organization to enhance existing Minesin-house expertise and communication between departments• Contribute solution of the key challenges in the commercialdevelopment of unconventional reservoirs by multidisciplinaryintegrated project deliverables• Train undergraduate and graduate students with specialexpertise in unconventional reservoirs• Provide impartial information to public, federal and stategovernmentsPETROLEUMENGINEERING

UNGI Faculty & StaffUNGI• Brian Asbury• Jennifer Aschoff• Linda Battalora• Michael Batzle• Jerry Boak• John Curtis• Kadri Dagdelen• Tom Davis• Alfred W. Eustes• William Fleckenstein• Ramona Graves• Marte Gutierrez• Todd Hoffman• Tissa Illangasekare• Hossein Kazemi• Carolyn Koh• Ning Lu• Mark MillerPETROLEUMENGINEERING* Al Sami, Joe Chen, Denise Winn-Bower• Jennifer Miskimins• Mike Mooney• Dag Nummedal• Erdal Ozkan• John Poate• Piret Plink-Bjorklund• Manika Prasad• Andre Revil• Rick Sarg• Paul Sava• Dendy Sloan• Amadeu Sum• Azra N. Tutuncu• Ilya Tsvankin• Yu-Shu Wu• David Wu• Yuan Yang• Xiaolong Yin

UNGI Activities• Industry Partnership (sharing capabilities/offices/…)UNGI• State and Federal Government Funding• Fully Integrated Large Multidiscipline Projects• Multidisciplinary UNGI Workshops and Forums forintegrated studies• Active professional society participation/collaborationPETROLEUMENGINEERING

UNGI ActivitiesUNGIPETROLEUMENGINEERING

CSM CentersCSM DepartmentsUNGI AffiliationsUNGI• Center for Earth Materials, Mechanics and Characterization(CEMMC)• Center for Rock Abuse• Center for Wave Phenomena (CWP)• Center for Hydrates and Other Solids (CHS)• Center for Experimental Study of Subsurface Environmental Processes• Center for Oil Shale Technology and Research (COSTAR)• Center for Petrophysics (CP)• Earth Mechanics Institute (EMI)• Golden Energy Computing Organization (GECO)• Geomechanics Research Program• Fracturing, Acidizing, Stimulation Technology (FAST)• Marathon Center of Excellence for Reservoir Studies (MCERS)• Petroleum Exploration and Production Center (PEPC)• Potential Gas Agency (PGA)• Reservoir Characterization Project (RCP)• Chemical Engineering• Chemistry & Geochemistry• Engineering• Environmental Science and Engineering• Geology & Geological Engineering• Geophysical Engineering• Material Science• Mining Engineering• Petroleum EngineeringPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Technology Drivers for Unconventionals• Sweet spot/reservoir characterization (multi-scale)• Cross-scaling (upscaling and downscaling) for effectiveknowledge/technology transfer• Smaller “footprints”• Tool development• Better resolution monitoring data, novel surveillancetechniques• Mitigation of environmental impacts• Material developmentPETROLEUMENGINEERING

UNGIKey UR Technical and Economic ChallengesIdentified at the First UNGI Workshop held in October 21, 2010 at CSM Campus and UNGI CIMMMConsortium has been set-up to provide solutions to some of these challenges• Upscaling for representative modeling effort• Static versus dynamic anisotropy (direction dependence of mechanicalproperty and strength), obtaining anisotropy from field data• Fracture characterization , HF/ NF network interaction, coupled networkmodeling for perm enhancement in SRV• The characterization of SRV, its microseismic monitoring• Zonal production contribution enhancement• Water use minimization in HF, compatibility of re-injected fracturing fluidwith the formation and in-situ fluid, environmental challenges, educationPETROLEUMENGINEERING

UNGI Coupled Integrated Multi Scale200 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1-2-4-6-8SwExp1 (AI=0.14)Sim.dataExp3 (AI=0.8)(AI=0.57)Exp2Sim.Avg (AI=0.5)J-functionMeasurements and Modeling Consortium (UNGI CIMMM)CORE SCALEMEASUREMENTSAND MODELINGNANO/MICRO SCALEMEASUREMENTSAND MODELINGIN SITU LABORATORYPROPOSEDIN SITU LABORATORYUnconventional NaturalGas* and Oil InstitutePETROLEUMENGINEERINGRESERVOIR SCALEMEASUREMENTSAND MODELING

UNGIProject Proposal Tasks inUNGI CIMMM* ConsortiumProject TasksA. Coupled Nano/Micro and Core Scale Measurements and ModelingB. Solutions for Drilling Challenges In Low Permeability Unconventional ReservoirsC. Nano Fluid Flow Measurements and Modeling in Gas and Oil Shale ReservoirsD. Stimulation Experiments and Modeling in Gas Shale ReservoirsE. Hydrates as Unconventional Gas ReservoirsF. Solutions for Environmental Challenges in Unconventional Reservoirs*Coupled Integrated Multiscale Measurements and Modeling (CIMMM)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Coupled Geomechanics and Fluid FlowExperimental CapabilityPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Coupled Geomechanics and Fluid FlowExperimental CapabilityPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Going Forward with UNGIUNGI• Research, Education, Outreach, Action• Continue building on relationships with Federal/StateGovernment and other research organizations• Independent clearing house – neutral but technical savvyboth in state and national level• Strong industrial partnerships with oil and gas companies,other academic institutions for R&D and in situ laboratory forunconventional resourcesPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Quantitative approaches and studies of flow andtransport in reservoirsAn introduction of research projects to new graduate students– Fall 2011Yu-Shu Wu, PhDCMG ChairEnergy Modeling Grouphttp://petroleum.mines.edu/research/emg/PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Resume• Education– PhD, Reservoir Engineering, U. of California at Berkeley, 1990– MS, Reservoir Engineering, U. of California at Berkeley, 1988– MS, Petroleum Engineering, Southwest Petroleum U., 1981– BS (Eqv.), Petroleum Engineering, Northeast Petroleum U., 1976• Employment– Petroleum Engineer, Research Inst. of Petroleum Exploration and DevelopmentBeijing, China, 1982-1985– Hydrogeologist, HydroGeoLogic, Inc., Herndon, VA,1990-1995– Staff geological scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA,1995-2008– Professor, CMG Reservoir Modeling Chair, Petroleum Engineering, Colorado Schoolof Mines (2008-current)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Teaching• PEGN 424: Reservoir Engineering II (Spring, 2009; 2010; 2011)• PEGN 414: Well Test Analysis and Design (Fall, 2009, 2011)• PEGN 315: Field Session I (Summer, 2009 and 2010)• PEGN 598: Introduction of Geothermal Science and Engineering (Spring, 2010)• PEGN 608: Multiphase Flow in Porous Media (Fall, 2009)• PEGN 999B: Flow and Transport in Porous Media (Fall, 2010)• PEGN 699A: Advanced Reservoir Simulation (Fall, 2010)• PEGN 598: Intro. to Geothermal Sci. & Engineering (Spring, 2011)• Advanced Fluid Flow in Porous Media (Summer, 2011)• PEGN 515: Reservoir Engineering Principles (Fall, 2011)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Research focus• Reservoir dynamics and simulation• Coupled processes of multiphase flow, chemical transport,and heat transfer in EOR operations• Fractured and unconventional reservoir characterization• CO2 EOR and geosequestration• Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS)• New technology of reservoir stimulationPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Research project #1• Title: “Simulation of Coupled Processes of Flow, Transport andStorage of CO2 in Saline Aquifers, ” a 4-year research projectfunded by US DOE and sponsored by CMG, Oct. 2009-Sept.2013• Research Teams– CSM:• Yu-Shu Wu, Hossein Kazemi, Xiaolong Yin, Jeffery Chen, PhilWinterfeld, Ronglei Zhang– Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory:• Karsten Pruess and Curt OldenburgPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Research project #2• Title: “Development of Advanced Thermal-Hydrological-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) Modeling Capabilities forEnhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS),” a 3-year researchproject funded by DOE and sponsored by CMG, Jan.2010-Dec.2012• Research Teams– CSM:• Yu-Shu Wu and Hossein Kazemi– Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)• Tianfu Xu and Keni ZhangPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Research project #3• Title: “Compositional Numerical Methods and Their Applicationfor Miscible and Immiscible Flow and Long-Term Storage of CO 2Mixtures in Petroleum Reservoirs,” a 1.5-year research projectfunded by PetroChina, July, 2009-Dec. 2011• Research Teams– CSM:• Yu-Shu Wu, Bingshan Ju, and Yuan DiPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Research project #4• Title: “Optimum Multi-Phase Flow Modeling in CarbonateReservoirs,” funded by Korea Institute of Geoscience & MineralResources (KIGAM), 2009-2011• Research Teams– CSM: Yu-Shu WuPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Research project #5• Title: “Development of Non-Contaminating Cryogenic Fracturing Technologyfor Shale and Tight Gas Reservoirs,” funded by RPSEA of DOE, andsponsored byPioneer Natural Resources and CARBO Ceramics), 2012-2015• Research Teams– CSM:• Yu-Shu Wu, Jennifer L. Miskimins and Xiaolong Yin– LBNL:• Timothy J. Kneafsey– Pioneer Natural Resources (PXD):• Kevin TannerPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Current projects and students• EGS modeling– Perapon Fakcharoenphol (PhD)• Modeling of CO 2 sequestration– Ronglei Zhang (PhD, co-advised w/ Dr. Yin)• Unconventional resvervoir simulation– Chong Wang (MS)– Caner Karacaer (MS)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Research/thesis topics• Unconventional reservoir simulation• Next generation reservoir simulation technology-Integratedmodeling approaches• Coupled processes in multiphase flow, geomechanics,chemical reaction, and heat transfer for EOR• Flow and phase behavior in CO2-EOR• Fractured reservoir simulation• Flow behavior in tight and shales gas reservoirsPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Fluid Flow and Transport inPorous MediaResearch OutlookXiaolong YinPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Resume• Education– PhD, Chemical Engineering, Cornell University, 2006– MS, Mechanical Engineering, Lehigh University, 2001– BS, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Beijing (Peking) University,1999• Employment– Postdoctoral Researcher, Chemical Engineering, Princeton University,2006-2008– Assistant Professor, Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines(2009-current)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Teaching• PEGN 310 Reservoir Fluid Properties• PEGN 315 Field Session I• PEGN 511 Advanced Reservoir Fluid Phase Behavior• PEGN 601 Applied MathematicsPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Research focus• Fundamental porous media flow– Pore-scale modeling and simulation– Microfluidic chip experiment• Experimental porous media flow and EOR– Gas-EOR– Phase behavior• Multiphase flow– Numerical simulation of particle- and bubble-laden flowsPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Selected Recent Publications• Peer Reviewed– Holloway W, Yin XL, Sundaresan S. Fluid-particle drag in inertial polydisperse gas-solidsuspensions. AIChE J. 56:1995-2004, 2010.– Yang C, Zhang JS, Koch DL, Yin XL. Mass/heat transfer from a neutrally buoyant sphere insimple shear flow at finite Reynolds and Peclet numbers. AIChE J. 57:1419-1433, 2010.– Yong YM, Yang C, Jiang Y, Joshi A, Shi YC, Yin XL. Numerical simulation of immiscibleliquid-liquid flow in microchannels using lattice-Boltzmann method. Sci. China Chem.54:244-2256, 2011.• Conference Papers– Petunin VV, Tutuncu AN, Prasad M, Kazemi H, Yin XL. An experimental study forinvestigating the stress dependence of permeability in sandstones and carbonates.ARMA 11-279, 2011.– Newman M, Yin XL. Lattice Boltzmann simulation of non-Darcy flow in stochasticallygenerated 2D porous media geometries. SPE 146689, 2011.– Petunin VV, Yin XL, Tutuncu AN. Stress permeability behavior of sandstones andcarbonates and correlation to rock texture. SPE 147401, 2011.PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Reservoir studies are multi-scale• Pore-scale flow and transport are fundamentallyimportantCoreBlockcm/inch10~100mPoresmicron/nanometerReservoirkm/milePETROLEUMENGINEERING

Micro-CT image of porous media• Pore geometry has a strong influence on flow andtransport– Micro-CT (resolution 1~5 micron)– Scanning electron microscope (SEM) (resolution 1~10 nm)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Numerical porous media models• We use numerically constructed porous mediageometry to isolate and quantify the influence ofgeometry10.80.60.40.2000.5110.50A 2D Geometry ModelA 3D Geometry ModelPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Porous media microfluidic models• Experimental porous media analog etched on siliconand polymer substratesCollaboration withDr. Neeves inChemicalEngineeringPETROLEUMENGINEERING

Single-phase flow in porous media• Porosity-permeability relations• Non-Darcy flows• Reactive and nonreactivetransportk 32fka v20.020.01841f 101ff11.51f0.0162a V0.0140.0120.010.0080.0060.0040.002100 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35PorosityPorosity-permeability data from3D simulationsPETROLEUMENGINEERING

zzzxxxTwo-phase flow dynamics050505• Developing numericaland experimentalmethodologies to studymultiphase flow inporous mediaFrame 001 13 Jan 2009 Frame 001 13 Jan 2009 Frame 001 13 Jan 2009 0 50 100 150 200y0 50 100 150 200y0 50 100 150 200ZXZXZXYYYdensityR0.950.90.850 0.80.750.720densityR0.650.60.55 0.9540 0.50.90.45 0.8500.40.860 0.35 0.750.30.720 densityR0.25 0.6580 0.2 0.95 0.60.15 0.9 0.5540 0.1 0.85 0.500.05 0.8 0.451000.75 0.460 0.7 0.3520 0.65 0.30.6 0.2580 0.55 0.240 0.5 0.150.45 0.10.05100 0.460 0.350.30.2580 0.20.150.10.05100yTop: Yong et al. 2011;Right: Wu et al. (submitted to Lab on a Chip)PETROLEUMENGINEERING

Nano-scale gas flow• Gas flow in tight formations shows the Klinkenbergeffect which can be attributed to a velocity slipMean free path

Experimental porous media flows and EOR• Sand pack, core flooding, slim tubePETROLEUMENGINEERING

Current projects and students• Pore-scale modeling– Feng Xiao (PhD)– Lei Wang (PhD)– Midowa Gbededo (MS)• Experimental EOR– Kelly Ramirez (MS)– Wei Xu (MS)• Reservoir-scale modeling of CO 2 sequestration– Ronglei Zhang (PhD, co-advise w/ Dr. Wu)PETROLEUMENGINEERING