Chuuk State Census Report - pacificweb.org
Chuuk State Census Report - pacificweb.org Chuuk State Census Report - pacificweb.org
Chapter 1. Introduction2000 FSM Census of Chuuk StateJapanese values. This policy continued even after naval rule was replaced by civilian administration in July 1921 andthe headquarters transferred from Chuuk to Palau.Through the 1920s the administration continued its emphasis on education, particularly on the study of the Japaneselanguage. Better students who completed the first three years of school were sent to a higher school on Tonoas for anadditional two years. A few of the Chuukese graduates were employed as policemen or teachers' aides; others went towork for the government as errand boys or clerks. A number of others found employment with Nambo, the greatJapanese trading company of the day that had stores on several islands and ran coconut plantations in various sites.Still others signed on to work in the phosphate mines on Angaur. Youth organizations, or Seinandan, flourished onnearly all the islands.The 1930s saw the first large-scale immigration of Japanese colonists into Chuuk. Okinawan settlers came in evergreaternumbers and, aided by government subsidies, bought fishing vessels and produced Katsuobushi for local useand export. Later immigrants obtained land grants from the government to set up vegetable and sweet potato gardens,and some expanded into the production of starch. Much of the land that had originally been claimed by the governmentwas made available to Japanese businesses for development purposes. By 1937 nearly 4000 Japanese and Okinawanslived in Chuuk out of a total population numbering 18,000. In these golden years of development, subsidies wereended. The Japanese government had turned Micronesia into a colony that paid its own way. Chuukese participationin this prosperity was real but marginal. The fishing industry, like most of the major industries, was run entirely byJapanese nationals, but hundreds of Chuukese men went to Pohnpei to do plantation labor on a contract basis. Localpeople bought steamship tickets to other parts of Micronesia and bicycles for their children. Never before had therebeen so much money in circulation among the Chuukese.The war brought a reversal of fortune to Japanese and Chuukese alike. For two years before Pearl Harbor the Japanesewere busy constructing airfields and port facilities, but it was only in January 1944, on the eve of the threatened Alliedinvasion, that the Japanese Army defense forces arrived and serious work began on the caves and tunnels and gunemplacements that are still tourist attractions today. The invasion never came, but enemy bombers following theUnited States carrier raid on the island group in February 1944 regularly pounded Chuuk. For the last year and a halfof the war, some 35,000 Japanese fighting men and laborers shared the islands' scant food resources with the localpopulation. Every available foot of land was planted in sweet potatoes, and Chuukese often had to sneak food out oftheir own gardens to feed themselves and their families. All this ended on August 15, 1945, when the JapaneseEmperor announced his country's unconditional surrender to the Allies.Table 1.2 shows the population of Chuukese and Japanese during the Japanese period. At the beginning of the period,of course, few Japanese were in the Islands. As the Japanese Administration increased its influence in the islands, thenumber and percentage of Japanese increased considerably until the end of World War II (when the Japanese wererepatriated.)Japan intended to annex the islands. Many Okinawans and Koreans left Japan for the larger Pacific Islands, and manybrought their families. Although the total effect on Japan's population was minor, the intent was to use the islands torelieve population pressure in Japan itself. By December, 1941, when Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, immigrants inMicronesia outnumbered locals on some islands from 3 or 4 to 1 and other islands by as much as 10 or more to 1(Bowden et al., 1966:27). Also, they began to "Japanize the islanders through education, propaganda, intermarriage,and in general the promotion of cultural changes" (Mirrer 1971:23). As a subsequent change, intermarriage and affairsbrought increased numbers of inter-racial babies.Japanese constituted less than 6 percent of the population in 1920, and only 3 percent in 1925. Japanese continued to bea fairly small percentage of the population in the 1930 and 1935 censuses, although they were 16 percent of thepopulation by 1935 -- about 1 in every 6 persons. Unfortunately we do not have information from the 1940 census,because it is obvious that an enormous build up occurred in the pre-war period.By 1911, the native population of what was to become Chuuk state had decreased to 11,000 and by 1920 to 9,822. Theestablishment of a health service stopped the downward trend, and the population increased very slightly from 9,822 in1920 to 10,344 in 1935 (See Table 1.2). Table 1.2 also shows the number of Japanese in Chuuk during the Japaneseperiod. The Japanese took censuses in 1920, 1925, 1930, 1935, and 1940. Complete, lengthy reports were prepared for6 Chuuk Branch Statistics Office, Division of Statistics, FSM Department of Economic Affairs
2000 FSM Census of Chuuk StateChapter 1. Introductionthe 1930 and the 1935 censuses. The 1930 Census report included comparative information for the 1920 and 1925Censuses. The 1940 Census seems to have been collected and tabulated, but no publication is in current circulation.Table 1.2. Population of Japanese and Chuukese in Chuuk: 1920 to 1946NumbersPercentDate Total Natives Japanese Total Natives Japanese1920 10,411 9,822 589 100.0 94.3 5.71925 10,171 9,834 337 100.0 96.7 3.31930 10,888 10,153 735 100.0 93.2 6.81935 12,322 10,344 1,978 100.0 83.9 16.11940 NA 14,734 NA ... ... ...1945 (Dec) 45,854 8,520 37,334 100.0 18.6 81.41946 (Aug.) 10,485 9,185 1,300 100.0 87.6 12.4Source: Hall and Pelzer, 1946:7Notes: While earlier figures include only the islands of Chuuk, the figures for 1940 gives the population of Greater Chuuk. The Japanese estimated the population ofthe islands around Chuuk at approximately 5,000.Immediately after the World War II, the Chuuk population dropped maybe because of the repatriation of the Japanese.During the subsequent years, the population gradually increased until it doubled in 1971 (about 50 years later). Afteranother 3 decades, the Chuuk population tripled.Table 1.3 Population of Chuuk: 1920 to 2000Year Population Source1920 14,788 Nan’yo-cho 19371925 14,961 Nan’yo-cho 19371930 15,200 Nan’yo-cho 19371935 15,129 Nan’yo-cho 19371940 14,736 Hall and Pelzer, 1946:1946 9,185 Hall and Pelzer, 1946:1949 14,936 U.S. Department of the Navy 19491950 15,617 U.S. Department of the Navy 19501951 15,788 U.S. Department of the Navy 19511952 15,848 U.S. Department of Interior 19521954 16,946 U.S. Department of State 19551956 17,477 U.S. Department of State 19571957 18,605 U.S. Department of State 19581958 20,124 Office of the High Commissioner, TTPI 19591959 21,010 U.S. Department of State 19601960 21,401 U.S. Department of State 19611961 21,309 U.S. Department of State 19621963 22,564 U.S. Department of State 19631964 23,344 U.S. Department of State 19641965 24,521 U.S. Department of State 19651966 25,820 U.S. Department of State 19661967 25,107 School of Public Health, Univ. of Hawaii n.d.1968 26,368 U.S. Department of State 19691969 27,453 U.S. Department of State 19701971 29,334 U.S. Department of State 19721972 32,732 U.S. Department of State 19731973 31,596 Office of the Census Coordinator, TTPI 19751975 33,040 U.S. Department of State 19761976 34,120 U.S. Department of State 19771977 35,220 U.S. Department of State 19781978 36,350 U.S. Department of State 19791979 37,400 U.S. Department of State 19801980 37,488 U.S. Bureau of the Census 1982a1984 44,596 U.S. Department of State 19851989 47,871 Office of Planning and Statistics, FSM 19921994 53,319 1994 FSM Census of Population and Housing, 19962000 53,595 2000 FSM Census of Population and Housing,Sources: 1989 Chuuk State Census Report Table 1.3; L.J. Gorenflo, 1995.The population of Chuuk increased by 253 percent between 1930 and 2000. The level of increase varied by regions.The least increase was in the Mortlocks (about 103 percent), and the highest in the Northern Namoneas, over 500percent (Table 1.4). This trend suggested out-migration from the Outer Islands to the Lagoon, as a result of limitedland area in the Outer Islands and better economic and social (school facilities, etc) conditions in the Lagoon.Chuuk Branch Statistics Office, Division of Statistics, FSM Department of Economic Affairs 7
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2000 FSM <strong>Census</strong> of <strong>Chuuk</strong> <strong>State</strong>Chapter 1. Introductionthe 1930 and the 1935 censuses. The 1930 <strong>Census</strong> report included comparative information for the 1920 and 1925<strong>Census</strong>es. The 1940 <strong>Census</strong> seems to have been collected and tabulated, but no publication is in current circulation.Table 1.2. Population of Japanese and <strong>Chuuk</strong>ese in <strong>Chuuk</strong>: 1920 to 1946NumbersPercentDate Total Natives Japanese Total Natives Japanese1920 10,411 9,822 589 100.0 94.3 5.71925 10,171 9,834 337 100.0 96.7 3.31930 10,888 10,153 735 100.0 93.2 6.81935 12,322 10,344 1,978 100.0 83.9 16.11940 NA 14,734 NA ... ... ...1945 (Dec) 45,854 8,520 37,334 100.0 18.6 81.41946 (Aug.) 10,485 9,185 1,300 100.0 87.6 12.4Source: Hall and Pelzer, 1946:7Notes: While earlier figures include only the islands of <strong>Chuuk</strong>, the figures for 1940 gives the population of Greater <strong>Chuuk</strong>. The Japanese estimated the population ofthe islands around <strong>Chuuk</strong> at approximately 5,000.Immediately after the World War II, the <strong>Chuuk</strong> population dropped maybe because of the repatriation of the Japanese.During the subsequent years, the population gradually increased until it doubled in 1971 (about 50 years later). Afteranother 3 decades, the <strong>Chuuk</strong> population tripled.Table 1.3 Population of <strong>Chuuk</strong>: 1920 to 2000Year Population Source1920 14,788 Nan’yo-cho 19371925 14,961 Nan’yo-cho 19371930 15,200 Nan’yo-cho 19371935 15,129 Nan’yo-cho 19371940 14,736 Hall and Pelzer, 1946:1946 9,185 Hall and Pelzer, 1946:1949 14,936 U.S. Department of the Navy 19491950 15,617 U.S. Department of the Navy 19501951 15,788 U.S. Department of the Navy 19511952 15,848 U.S. Department of Interior 19521954 16,946 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19551956 17,477 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19571957 18,605 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19581958 20,124 Office of the High Commissioner, TTPI 19591959 21,010 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19601960 21,401 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19611961 21,309 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19621963 22,564 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19631964 23,344 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19641965 24,521 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19651966 25,820 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19661967 25,107 School of Public Health, Univ. of Hawaii n.d.1968 26,368 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19691969 27,453 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19701971 29,334 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19721972 32,732 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19731973 31,596 Office of the <strong>Census</strong> Coordinator, TTPI 19751975 33,040 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19761976 34,120 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19771977 35,220 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19781978 36,350 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19791979 37,400 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19801980 37,488 U.S. Bureau of the <strong>Census</strong> 1982a1984 44,596 U.S. Department of <strong>State</strong> 19851989 47,871 Office of Planning and Statistics, FSM 19921994 53,319 1994 FSM <strong>Census</strong> of Population and Housing, 19962000 53,595 2000 FSM <strong>Census</strong> of Population and Housing,Sources: 1989 <strong>Chuuk</strong> <strong>State</strong> <strong>Census</strong> <strong>Report</strong> Table 1.3; L.J. Gorenflo, 1995.The population of <strong>Chuuk</strong> increased by 253 percent between 1930 and 2000. The level of increase varied by regions.The least increase was in the Mortlocks (about 103 percent), and the highest in the Northern Namoneas, over 500percent (Table 1.4). This trend suggested out-migration from the Outer Islands to the Lagoon, as a result of limitedland area in the Outer Islands and better economic and social (school facilities, etc) conditions in the Lagoon.<strong>Chuuk</strong> Branch Statistics Office, Division of Statistics, FSM Department of Economic Affairs 7
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