Creating Comfortable Climatic Cities - RDM Campus

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48 Creating Comfortable Climatic Cities49Creating Comfortable Climatic Cities‘Building shells are at the interface between thebuilding interior and ambient climate, and thereforefulfil a number of vital functions that dictate most ofthe buildings energy consumption.’ – Loonen (2010)The main research themes are summarised in the following table:Research fieldsOutputParametric Bioclimatic Design Principles A parameter-driven design instrument that bringsclimatic and spatial parameters into alignment usinga design rule set, with comfort (health) as theprimary evaluation criterion.Parametric Bioclimatic Design can play an invaluable role in meeting these ambitionsfor housing, but also for larger scale buildings such as offices and mixed-usedevelopments. The use of BPS for proof of concept, particularly for larger scalebuildings, will become increasingly important. An integrated design and developmentprocess is the only way this can be achieved.The main research topics pertaining to Parametric Bioclimatic Design relate to energyand resource efficiency, climate adaptation and user comfort, and can be applied toboth existing and future fabric:a) Energy efficiency: investigate the potentials for reducing energy consumption,primarily through the form and building envelope by making use of the localmicroclimate; optima forma – the relationship between building form, energyreduction and comfort; the use of interstitial (climatic) zones and their impacton the form and interior quality of buildings; architectural efficiency versusinstallation efficiency; interior configuration in relation to dynamic comfort andenergy performance;b) Passive design: using a range of biophysical elements such as thermal, humidityand water sinks; adaptive thermal defences; use of flora as heat sinks; phasechange materials, heat storage and radiant defences;c) Integrated power: integration of energy generation in the building envelope (Vollaard,2012); exploring the combination of hybrid passive and active facade solutions;Bioclimatic Design PrinciplesClimate ScenariosParametric Design Principles and softwaretoolsTypology, function, scale and PBDMaterial use and energy performanceEnergy performance and comfortDesign instruments that employ climatic conditionsto reduce consumption and generate user comfortat either the building or urban scale.Defining the consequences of differentclimate scenarios on the functioning of certainbioclimatic systems.Rule-driven instruments that generate morphologybased on explicit constraints relating to form andperformance.Typologies of bioclimatic design that are optimisedfor certain parameter sets.Inventory of materials sorted by effect onenergy performance and comfort, resultingin material performance constraints forParametric Bioclimatic Design.Monitoring and prediction tools to analysedynamic comfort based on comfort zone as opposedto the energy performance coefficient.d) Resource efficiency: the potentials for the reuse of waste and demolitionmaterials in the building industry on a regional scale; the potentials of biobasedmaterials; design for disassembly and reuse;e) Climate adaptation: adapting the existing stock to the effects of climate change,such as increased cooling demand and water retention;f) Parametric design and Building Performance Simulation (BPS): testing multipledesign options by combining explicit physical constraints with performanceand comfort constraints (energy performance, daylight penetration, thermaltemperature, humidity and air circulation);Experts agree that in terms of sustainable change, more can be gained at a clusterand district scale than at the scale of the individual building. Due to the economy ofscale, the potentials for energy exchange increase at the cluster and district scales.Besides the increased technical efficiency, clusters also present other challenges andopportunities for applying Parametric Bioclimatic Design principles.g) Development of design tools for Parametric Bioclimatic Design.
50 Creating Comfortable Climatic CitiesREDUCE HEAT STRESSThe increase in urban heat island effect by addingbuilding mass is compensated for by urbangreening and shadow cast by tall buildings.DIVERSITY OFHOUSING TYPOLOGIESSOLAR RIGHTSNew dwellings optimally orientated towards thesun with living and outdoor spaces to the southand west where possible.WINDAdding volume in relation to prevailing winds and urbangreen can improve natural cooling of the urban fabric.NOISENew developments could include upgradingfacades of existing stock to meet the newnorm of 48dB.PRIVATE ANDCOLLECTIVE GARDENSHIGHER DENSITY NEARPUBLIC TRANSPORTMORE AND IMPROVEDGREEN SPACEURBAN AGRICULTURECOLLECTIVE PARKINGFACILITIES & CARFREEZONESSAFE PEDESTRIANAND BICYCLE ROUTESENERGY USEDoubling the number of dwellings will reducethe total energy consumption of the inner-city.The city is more compact and heat exchangeand cascading are possible between existingand new energy neutral dwellings.407030DAYLIGHT &FLEXIBLE PLINTHSHigher floor to ceiling heights on the lower levels ofthe new buildings allows for deeper daylightpenetration and a flexible plinth zone. Added volumestake daylight penetration of existing volumes intoaccount.90PRIVACY & ACCESSSmart tailor-made infill solutions createindividual access from street level and privateoutdoor space orientated towards the sun.WATER SQUARERainwater capture during heavy downpoursreduces the pressure on the sewer system.Water is released slowly into the groundwaterafter the downpour.INCREASED LEISURESERVICES ANDEMPLOYMENTVIEWNew urban mass takes existing views intoaccount.20%Figure 15.Smart and bioclimatic density: Making InnerCity (Tillie et al., 2012) [Doepel Strijkers, 2012]CONTINUITY AND IDENTITY80˚
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