New Researches in Biotechnology - Facultatea de Biotehnologii ...
New Researches in Biotechnology - Facultatea de Biotehnologii ... New Researches in Biotechnology - Facultatea de Biotehnologii ...
Proceeding of the 4 rd International Symposium“NEW RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY” USAMV Bucharest, Romania, 2011Correlation between temperature and concentration of Bt toxin in cotton varietiesy=(a+cx+ex^2)/(1+bx+dx^2)r^2=0.90263579 DF Adj r^2=0.8901532 FitStdErr=0.048751164 Fstat=92.707146a=0.50943885 b=-0.053329122 c=-0.027091175d=0.00071219129 e=0.000361306230.950.95concentration µg/g0.90.850.80.750.70.650.60.550.90.850.80.750.70.650.60.55concentration µg/g0.50.525 30 35 40TemperatureFigure 2: Variation in concentration of Cry toxin with temperature4. CONCLUSIONSThere is an imminent threat of resistance evolution in target cotton pests if proper resistancemanagement measures are not adopted.The study indicates the need for provision ofcertified Bt seed accessible to all farmers. A strict regulatory regime must be established tomonitor and to contain the spread of illegal varieties as well as the environmental reevaluationof commercialized varieties for their Bt potential. It is necessary because in prereleasetrials, the assessments are limited in scope and the assessment results may differ indifferent climatic conditions and agronomic practices by the farmers.REFERENCES1. Kranthi, K.R. (2005): Bollworm resistance to Bt cotton in India. NatureBiotechnology.Vol.23, 12: 1476-1477.2. Olsen, K.R., Daly, J.C., Holt, H.E. and Finnegan, E.J, (2005): Seasonal long variation inexpression of Cry1Ac gene and efficacy of Bacillius thuringiensis toxin in transgenic cotton againstHelicoverpa armigera Hub. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).J.Econ.Ent., 98:1007-1017.3. Sharma, D. ‘The illegal way to promote Bt cotton in Pakistan’. (20 June 2009): Availableat: http://devinder-sharma.blogspot.com/2009/06/bt-cotton-seeds-smuggled-from-india.html.18
Proceeding of the 4 rd International Symposium“NEW RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY” USAMV Bucharest, Romania, 2011A MODEL POST COMMERCIALIZATION MONITORINGFRAMEWORK FOR BT COTTON IN PAKISTAN1. Universitatea de Stiinte Agronomice si Medicina Veterinara, Bucuresti, Romania2. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanMUHAMMAD SAJJAD ALIi 1 , INTEZAR ALI 2Abstract. Cotton varieties were formally approved for large scale cultivation in Pakistan in late2010.However, the prevalence of Bt cotton varieties in farmers’ fields can be traced back since2002.The cultivation of unapproved varieties with an unknown parent germplasm and a doubtfulcompatibility of such varieties with local flora must be analysed for environmental consequences. Theflow of transgene in local ecosystem needs to be monitored at earliest. A regulatory model is designedfor the monitoring of ill effects/spread of Bt transgene. The model presents a plan from sampling toresults interpretation involving the active role of all agricultural stake holders in Pakistan.KEYWORDS: Bt cotton; stakeholders; monitoring; framework1. INTRODUCTIONWhen GM crops are approved for unconfined environmental release in Pakistan, systematicpost commercialization monitoring (PCM) of their environmental impact is not required. InPakistan, GM crops are produced by conventional breeding, mutagenesis or morecommonly by recombinant DNA techniques. In 2010, Pakistan was among the top 5countries producing Bt cotton (James 2011).Viewed retrospectically, GM hybrids changedthe farming practice in cotton fields by allowing a reduction of spraying frequency andrelated practices.Although not legally required to conduct PCM, Pakistan needs to establish the PCM regimeafter the pervasiveness of illegal cultivation of GM cotton. As the GM crop iscommercialized on a larger spatial and temporal scale, it may be possible to observe smallerand less frequent ecological risks (Snow et al., 2005).Thus PCM provides the basis for anearly warning system to detect and mitigate any adverse effects.2. MATERIALS AND METHODSA review of existing monitoring legislations and the role of regulatory authority in Pakistanare studied. A model Monitoring plan in post commercialization scenario is developed.ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF GM CROPSOver a couple of years, technology developers have partnered with researchers fromprovincial and federal institutions to conduct monitoring of specific environmental andagronomic concerns previously identified in the Biosafety Guidelines 2005.An appropriaterisk assessment gathers data that clearly link the measurement endpoints with theenvironmental management goals through the assessment end points (Raybould, 2006).19
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Proceed<strong>in</strong>g of the 4 rd International Symposium“NEW RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY” USAMV Bucharest, Romania, 2011Correlation between temperature and concentration of Bt tox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> cotton varietiesy=(a+cx+ex^2)/(1+bx+dx^2)r^2=0.90263579 DF Adj r^2=0.8901532 FitStdErr=0.048751164 Fstat=92.707146a=0.50943885 b=-0.053329122 c=-0.027091175d=0.00071219129 e=0.000361306230.950.95concentration µg/g0.90.850.80.750.70.650.60.550.90.850.80.750.70.650.60.55concentration µg/g0.50.525 30 35 40TemperatureFigure 2: Variation <strong>in</strong> concentration of Cry tox<strong>in</strong> with temperature4. CONCLUSIONSThere is an imm<strong>in</strong>ent threat of resistance evolution <strong>in</strong> target cotton pests if proper resistancemanagement measures are not adopted.The study <strong>in</strong>dicates the need for provision ofcertified Bt seed accessible to all farmers. A strict regulatory regime must be established tomonitor and to conta<strong>in</strong> the spread of illegal varieties as well as the environmental reevaluationof commercialized varieties for their Bt potential. It is necessary because <strong>in</strong> prereleasetrials, the assessments are limited <strong>in</strong> scope and the assessment results may differ <strong>in</strong>different climatic conditions and agronomic practices by the farmers.REFERENCES1. Kranthi, K.R. (2005): Bollworm resistance to Bt cotton <strong>in</strong> India. Nature<strong>Biotechnology</strong>.Vol.23, 12: 1476-1477.2. Olsen, K.R., Daly, J.C., Holt, H.E. and F<strong>in</strong>negan, E.J, (2005): Seasonal long variation <strong>in</strong>expression of Cry1Ac gene and efficacy of Bacillius thur<strong>in</strong>giensis tox<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> transgenic cotton aga<strong>in</strong>stHelicoverpa armigera Hub. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).J.Econ.Ent., 98:1007-1017.3. Sharma, D. ‘The illegal way to promote Bt cotton <strong>in</strong> Pakistan’. (20 June 2009): Availableat: http://<strong>de</strong>v<strong>in</strong><strong>de</strong>r-sharma.blogspot.com/2009/06/bt-cotton-seeds-smuggled-from-<strong>in</strong>dia.html.18
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