EVALUATING THE TOXICITY OF REACTIVE DYES AND DYED ...
EVALUATING THE TOXICITY OF REACTIVE DYES AND DYED ... EVALUATING THE TOXICITY OF REACTIVE DYES AND DYED ...
AUTEX Research Journal, Vol. 7, No3, September 2007 © AUTEX24 and 72 hours exposure. After 24 hours exposure the spermatozoa test showed the red dye to bethe most toxic: this is confirmed by this study. The IC20 values from the spermatozoa test after 24hours exposure were higher than those from the HaCaT cell test. The spermatozoa test after 72 hoursexposure had the most toxic result for the blue dye. The IC50 and the IC20 values from the HaCaTcell test showed the red dye to have the highest toxicity. Klemola et al (article in preparation) havealso used hepa-1-mouse cells in studying these same three reactive dyes. The IC50 values from thisstudy showed the blue dye to have the highest toxicity. The IC20 values indicated that the red dye wasthe most toxic. The HaCat cell line is more sensitive than the hepa-1 cell line against these dyes,showing lower concentrations for toxic values. This is because hepa-1 cells have an increased abilityto metabolise foreign substances than keratinocyte cells. Although spermatozoa cells also havedifferent metabolic abilities from keratinocytes and hepa-1-cells, the results have similarities. Whenusing all three cell line tests together it is possible to get more precise information and the tests alsosupport each other.It is useful to study both the IC20 and the IC50 values when using the HaCaT cell test. The IC20 valueshows the lowest toxic concentration of the sample, but the IC50 value gives extra information. TheHaCaT cell test is an acute cytotoxicity test giving information after a short time of exposure. If theresults show high toxicity, it is not necessary to carry out subchronic and chronic tests, which are usedwhen the exposure time is from one month to several years.The eco textile standard Öko-Tex-100 environmental label sets limiting values for the amounts ofchemicals allowed in fabrics. The list of chemicals includes, for instance, heavy metals, pesticides andother chemicals which can remain after textile processing [29]. However, there is no biological test toassess the overall toxicity of the material. Since HaCat cells can be used for studying the overalltoxicity of textile substances in addition to other cell tests and other chemical tests, they could also beused to evaluate textile substrates against the Öko-Tex-100 environmental label.ConclusionHuman keratinocyte HaCaT cells can be used for studying the overall toxicity of textile chemicals andfabrics containing them. In addition, the HaCaT cell line could be used to provide information about thepurity of different processes, as well as wastewaters and the environment which could be especiallyuseful when developing textile products for allergic people. For instance, tests for compliance withÖko-Tex-100, for contact allergies, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity are important, but cell tests cangive very useful additional information for studying the purity of textile substances.References:1. Assefa, Z., Garmyn, M., Bouillon, R., Merlevede, W., Vandenheede, J.R. & Agostinis, P.Differential stimulation of ERK and JNK activities by ultraviolet B irradiation and epidermalgrowth factor in human keratinocytes. Journal of investigative dermatology. 1997, 108 (6),886-891.2. Birhanli, A. & Ozmen, M. Evaluation of toxicity and teratogenity of six commercial textile dyesusing the frog embryo teratogenesis assay - Xenopus. Drug and Chemical Toxicologies. 2005,28(1), 51-65.3. The Chemical Safety Data Sheets after 2001/58/EY; Drimarene yellow CL-2R, Drimarene blueCL- 2RL, Drimarene red CL-5B (Colour Index numbers CI: RR241, RY176, blue dye: numberunknown )4. De Roos, A.J., Ray, R.M., Gao, D.L., Wernli, K.J., Fitzgibbons, E.D., Ziding, F., Astrakianakis,G., Thoma, D.B. & Checkoway, H. Colorectal cancer incidence among female textile workersin Shanghai, China: A Case -cohort Analysis of Occupational Exposures. Cancer Causes andControl, 2005, 16 (10), 1177-1188.5. Docker,A., Wattie, J.M., Topping, M.D., Luczynska, C.M., Newman Taylor, A.J., Pickering,C.A.C., Thomas, P.& Gompertz, D. Clinical and immunological investigations of respiratorydisease in workers using reactive dyes. British Journal of Industrial medicine. 1987, 44 (8),534-541.6. Dogan, E.E., Yesilada, E., Ozata, L. & Yologlu, S. Genotoxicity testing of four textile dyes intwo crosses of Drosophila using wing somatic mutation and recombination test. Drug andChemical Toxicologies. 2005, 28 (3), 289-301.http://www.autexrj.org/No3-2007/0231.pdf 222
AUTEX Research Journal, Vol. 7, No3, September 2007 © AUTEX7. Estlander, T. Allergic dermatoses and respiratory diseases from reactive dyes. ContactDermatitis, 1988,18 (5), 290 - 297.8. Gohl, E.P.G.& Vilensky L.D. Textile science. Longman Cheshire Pty Ltd, Melbourne 19839. Gonzales C.A., Riboli E. & Lopez-Abente G. Bladder cancer among workers in the textileindustry: Results of a Spanish case-control study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine,1988, 14 (6), 673-680.10. Hatch K. L. & Maibach H.I. Textile dye dermatitis. Journal of the American Academy ofDermatology, 1995, 32 (4), 631-639.11. Isoherranen, K., Punnonen, K., Jansen, C.& Uotila, P. Ultraviolet irradiation inducescyclooxygenase-2 expression in keratinocytes. British journal of dermatology, 1999, 140 (6),1017-1022.12. Keneklis, T. Fiber reactive dye toxicological profiles. U.S.Consumer Product SafetyCommission, Washington, D.C., 1981, Contact No.CPSC-C-81-1110, p.271.13. Kopponen P., Asikainen M., Törrönen R., Klemola K., Liesivuori J.& Kärenlampi S. In vitrocytotoxicity of textile dyes and extracts of dyed/ finished fabrics. Atla, 1997, 25, 539-546.14. Little, M.C., Gawkrodger, D.J. & MacNeil, S. Chromium and nickel- induced cytotoxicity innormal and transformed human keratinocytes. An investigation of pharmacologicalapproaches to the prevention of Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity. British journal of dermatology,1996, 134(2), 199-207.15. Manzini, B.M., Motolese, A., Conti, A., Ferdani, G. & Seidenari, S. Sensitization to reactivetextile dyes in patients with contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis, 1996, 34 (3), 172-175.16. Mathur, N., Bathnagar, P., Nagar, P. & Bijarnia, M.K. Mutagenicity assessment of effluentsfrom textile/dye industries of Sanganer, Jaipur (India): a case study. Ecotoxicology andEnvironmental safety. 2005, 61 (1), 105-113.17. Merryman, J.I. Effects of ultraviolet C radiation on cellular proliferation in p53-/-keratinocytes.Journal of environmental pathology toxicology and oncology, 1999, 18 (1), 1-9.18. Nilsson, R., Nordlinder, R., Wass, U., Meding, B. & Belin, L. Asthma, rhinitis, and dermatitis inworkers exposed to reactive dyes. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1993, 50 (1),65-70.19. O`Reilly, J.P. & Mothersill, C. Comparative effects of UV A and UV B on clonogenic survivaland delayed cell death in skin cell lines from humans and fish. International journal of radiationbiology, 1997, 72 (1), 111-119.20. Park, H.S., Lee, M.K., Kim, B.O., Lee, K.J., Roh J.H., Moon, Y.H. & Hong C-S. Clinical andimmunologic evaluations of reactive dye-exposed workers. Journal of Allergy and ClinicalImmunology. 1991, 87 (3), 639-649.21. Przybojewska B., Baranski B., Spiechowicz E. & Szymczak W. Mutagenic and genotoxicactivity of chosen dyes and surface active compounds used in the textile industry. PolishJournal of Occupational medicine, 1989, 2 (2), 171-185.22. Shimizu, H., Banno, Y., Sumi, N., Naganawa, T., Kitajima, Y. & Nozawa, Y. Activation of p38mitogen-activated protein kinase and caspases in UVB-induced apoptosis of humankeratinocyte HaCaT cells. Journal of investigative dermatology, 1999, 112 (5), 769-774.23. Thoren, K., Meding, B., Nordlinder, R. & Belin, L. Contact dermatitis and asthma from reactivedyes. Contact Dermatitis, 1980, 15 (3), 186.24. Trotman, E.R.. Dyeing and chemical technology of textile fibres. Charles Griffin & Co Ltd,Worcester 1984.25. Wang,C., Yediler, A., Lienert, D., Wang, Z. & Kettrup, A. Toxicity evaluation of reactivedyestuffs, auxiliaries and selected effluents in textile finishing industry to luminescent bacteriaVibrio fischeri. Chemosphere, 2002, 46 (2), 339-344.26. Wilhelm, K-P., Samblebe, M., Siegers, C-P. Quantitative in vitro assessment of N-alkylsulphate induced cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Comparison with in vivohuman irritation tests. British journal of dermatology, 1994, 130 ( 1), 18-23.27. Wilkinson, S.M., McGechaen, K. Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis from ReactiveDyes. Contact Dermatitis, 1996, 35 ( 6 ), 376 – 378.28. Wollin, K.M., Gorlitz, B.D. Comparison of genotoxicity of textile dyestuffs in Salmonellamutagenicity assay, in vitro micronucleus assay, and single cell gel/comet assay. Journal ofEnvironmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology. 2004, 23 ( 4 ), 267-278.29. Öko-Tex Standard 100, Textilveredlung 32 ( 1997 ), Nr 7/8.∇∆http://www.autexrj.org/No3-2007/0231.pdf 223
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AUTEX Research Journal, Vol. 7, No3, September 2007 © AUTEX7. Estlander, T. Allergic dermatoses and respiratory diseases from reactive dyes. ContactDermatitis, 1988,18 (5), 290 - 297.8. Gohl, E.P.G.& Vilensky L.D. Textile science. Longman Cheshire Pty Ltd, Melbourne 19839. Gonzales C.A., Riboli E. & Lopez-Abente G. Bladder cancer among workers in the textileindustry: Results of a Spanish case-control study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine,1988, 14 (6), 673-680.10. Hatch K. L. & Maibach H.I. Textile dye dermatitis. Journal of the American Academy ofDermatology, 1995, 32 (4), 631-639.11. Isoherranen, K., Punnonen, K., Jansen, C.& Uotila, P. Ultraviolet irradiation inducescyclooxygenase-2 expression in keratinocytes. British journal of dermatology, 1999, 140 (6),1017-1022.12. Keneklis, T. Fiber reactive dye toxicological profiles. U.S.Consumer Product SafetyCommission, Washington, D.C., 1981, Contact No.CPSC-C-81-1110, p.271.13. Kopponen P., Asikainen M., Törrönen R., Klemola K., Liesivuori J.& Kärenlampi S. In vitrocytotoxicity of textile dyes and extracts of dyed/ finished fabrics. Atla, 1997, 25, 539-546.14. Little, M.C., Gawkrodger, D.J. & MacNeil, S. Chromium and nickel- induced cytotoxicity innormal and transformed human keratinocytes. An investigation of pharmacologicalapproaches to the prevention of Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity. British journal of dermatology,1996, 134(2), 199-207.15. Manzini, B.M., Motolese, A., Conti, A., Ferdani, G. & Seidenari, S. Sensitization to reactivetextile dyes in patients with contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis, 1996, 34 (3), 172-175.16. Mathur, N., Bathnagar, P., Nagar, P. & Bijarnia, M.K. Mutagenicity assessment of effluentsfrom textile/dye industries of Sanganer, Jaipur (India): a case study. Ecotoxicology andEnvironmental safety. 2005, 61 (1), 105-113.17. Merryman, J.I. Effects of ultraviolet C radiation on cellular proliferation in p53-/-keratinocytes.Journal of environmental pathology toxicology and oncology, 1999, 18 (1), 1-9.18. Nilsson, R., Nordlinder, R., Wass, U., Meding, B. & Belin, L. Asthma, rhinitis, and dermatitis inworkers exposed to reactive dyes. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1993, 50 (1),65-70.19. O`Reilly, J.P. & Mothersill, C. Comparative effects of UV A and UV B on clonogenic survivaland delayed cell death in skin cell lines from humans and fish. International journal of radiationbiology, 1997, 72 (1), 111-119.20. Park, H.S., Lee, M.K., Kim, B.O., Lee, K.J., Roh J.H., Moon, Y.H. & Hong C-S. Clinical andimmunologic evaluations of reactive dye-exposed workers. Journal of Allergy and ClinicalImmunology. 1991, 87 (3), 639-649.21. Przybojewska B., Baranski B., Spiechowicz E. & Szymczak W. Mutagenic and genotoxicactivity of chosen dyes and surface active compounds used in the textile industry. PolishJournal of Occupational medicine, 1989, 2 (2), 171-185.22. Shimizu, H., Banno, Y., Sumi, N., Naganawa, T., Kitajima, Y. & Nozawa, Y. Activation of p38mitogen-activated protein kinase and caspases in UVB-induced apoptosis of humankeratinocyte HaCaT cells. Journal of investigative dermatology, 1999, 112 (5), 769-774.23. Thoren, K., Meding, B., Nordlinder, R. & Belin, L. Contact dermatitis and asthma from reactivedyes. Contact Dermatitis, 1980, 15 (3), 186.24. Trotman, E.R.. Dyeing and chemical technology of textile fibres. Charles Griffin & Co Ltd,Worcester 1984.25. Wang,C., Yediler, A., Lienert, D., Wang, Z. & Kettrup, A. Toxicity evaluation of reactivedyestuffs, auxiliaries and selected effluents in textile finishing industry to luminescent bacteriaVibrio fischeri. Chemosphere, 2002, 46 (2), 339-344.26. Wilhelm, K-P., Samblebe, M., Siegers, C-P. Quantitative in vitro assessment of N-alkylsulphate induced cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Comparison with in vivohuman irritation tests. British journal of dermatology, 1994, 130 ( 1), 18-23.27. Wilkinson, S.M., McGechaen, K. Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis from ReactiveDyes. Contact Dermatitis, 1996, 35 ( 6 ), 376 – 378.28. Wollin, K.M., Gorlitz, B.D. Comparison of genotoxicity of textile dyestuffs in Salmonellamutagenicity assay, in vitro micronucleus assay, and single cell gel/comet assay. Journal ofEnvironmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology. 2004, 23 ( 4 ), 267-278.29. Öko-Tex Standard 100, Textilveredlung 32 ( 1997 ), Nr 7/8.∇∆http://www.autexrj.org/No3-2007/0231.pdf 223
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