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51aAppendix D2. Senate Factor 3: Mechanisms that EnhanceMinority Vote DilutionThe third Senate factor assesses whether there isevidence of voting procedures in place that may enhancevote dilution. Gingles, 478 U.S. at 37, 106 S.Ct. 2752. First,the parties do not dispute that Irving’s electoral systemrequires that a successful candidate receive the majorityvote. If one candidate does not win a majority in an Irvingelection, a run-off election is held between the top twocandidates. (Trial Tr. vol. 1, 38-39, Feb. 20; Joint PretrialOrder 29.) The majority vote requirement is a textbookenhancing factor in at-large elections because it deprivesminority voters of the opportunity to elect a candidate by“single-shot” voting-i.e., of concentrating all of its votes ona single candidate. Gingles, 478 U.S. at 56, 106 S.Ct. 2752;see also City of Rome v. United States, 446 U.S. 156, 184n. 19, 100 S.Ct. 1548, 64 L.Ed.2d 119 (1980) (describingthe implications of a majority vote requirement and theoperation of single shot voting).Second, a numbered place system such as Irving’sslotted at-large system also prevents single-shot voting.(Joint Pretrial Order 29.) See Salas v. Southwest Texas Jr.College Dist., 964 F.2d 1542, 1544 n. 1 (5th Cir.1992) (“[a]numbered-post system requires a candidate to declare fora particular seat on a governmental body ... The systemprevents the use of bullet, or single shot, voting.”) (quotingCampos v. City of Baytown, 840 F.2d 1240, 1242 n. 1 (5thCir.1988)). The place system functions by separating everyseat on the City Council into an election that is a singlevotesingle-seat election. (Trial Tr. vol. 1, 37-38, Feb. 20.)