Evaluation and Repair of Wrought Iron and - Purdue e-Pubs ...
Evaluation and Repair of Wrought Iron and - Purdue e-Pubs ... Evaluation and Repair of Wrought Iron and - Purdue e-Pubs ...
14patents for their process and traveled the world promoting it and the manufacturing ofsteel.While Bessemer and Mushet were developing the Bessemer Process, WilliamKelly from Pittsburgh was developing an idea to use a blast of air to oxidize out theimpurities of iron. After many years of development he then created what is known asthe pneumatic process for making mild steel and obtained an American Patent for thisconcept (Fisher, 1963). About ten years later, the Open Hearth process was developed.This process, like the Bessemer process, utilized a blast of air to oxidize out theimpurities in pig iron.In the beginning of the 19 th century wrought iron was the most extensivelyproduced metal in the United States. But by the end of the century, steel became theleader in the industry. The transfer between the two metals was not instantaneous, butrather a gradual transitional period of industrialization. Once the new processes formaking steel were developed, wrought iron was not immediately neglected. Wroughtiron was already being manufactured through out the United States, so it was easier andcheaper to construct with wrought iron even though it was found that steel was stronger.For example, the slow transition in the railroad industry from wrought iron rail to steelrail demonstrates and parallels the transition from wrought iron to steel throughout therest of the country.Originally in Great Britain, the rails for trains were made of wrought iron, butneeded to be “turned” or replaced every six months. In an effort to promote massproduced steel, Henry Bessemer convinced the local authorities to try steel rails. Thetrial steel rails did not need to be replaced for two years and it was soon determined thatsteel was a stronger and more durable material (Fisher, 1963). This knowledge wasspread to the United States and steel rails were slowly used throughout the populatedeast. Using steel rails in the western states was illogical since it was easier to straightenbent or damaged wrought iron rails then to wait several weeks for new steel rails. As
15steel manufacturing mills began growing around the country, rails were eventuallyconverted to steel across the country.The transition from wrought iron to steel in the construction industry parallels thatof the railroad industry. Just like any other structural building product, it took time toconvince the design and construction community of the benefits from utilizing steel as astructural material and to build more manufacturing plants. Wrought iron was morefamiliar, cheaper, and more trusted from experience.Not until Bessemer and his followers traveled the world trying to prove thesuperior quality of steel, did the industry begin to build manufacturing plants and start touse steel more in construction than wrought iron. This turn around in the United Statescould probably not be noticed until the 1890’s or even the turn of the century. Since thequality of wrought iron was variable, and the process to make wrought iron was so laborintensive and time consuming compared to steel, it soon fell behind in use for buildingpurposes.2.2 Investigation of Research Completed on Historic Wrought IronBy the middle of the nineteenth century experimental testing of metals wasbecoming a new phenomenon. Typically, before this time manufacturers and bridgedesigners used a method of trial and error to determine if a structure was to fail withcertain loads. Examples of this can be seen in many instructional books written by suchauthors as Peter Barlow, William Fairbairn, and William Humber. In The Application ofCast and Wrought Iron to Building Purposes by Barlow (1845), a majority of the bookwas comprised of load testing beams that consisted of a variety of different rolled shapesand various configurations of plates that are riveted together. These beams would then beloaded in the center and the deflection noted. Typically the load would be increasedslowly until failure.
- Page 1 and 2: Purdue UniversityPurdue e-PubsJTRP
- Page 3: 1. Report No. 2. Government Accessi
- Page 6 and 7: epairing a bent wrought iron tensio
- Page 8 and 9: vPageCHAPTER 3TEST PROCEDURES FOR M
- Page 10 and 11: ixLIST OF FIGURESFigurePageFigure 1
- Page 12 and 13: xiFigurePageFigure 3.30 Top View of
- Page 14 and 15: xiiiFigurePageFigure 5.12 Typical T
- Page 16 and 17: xvAppendix FigurePageFigure D.7 Ini
- Page 18 and 19: viiiAppendix TablePageTable A.5 Det
- Page 20 and 21: iiiThe authors would also like to t
- Page 22 and 23: 2but also what material properties
- Page 24 and 25: 4microstructure of the metal. The c
- Page 26 and 27: 62. LITERATURE SEARCHBefore experim
- Page 28 and 29: 8imperfections, the performance of
- Page 30 and 31: 10wrought iron. Adding the slag aft
- Page 32 and 33: 12method for manufacturing wrought
- Page 36 and 37: 16This method of testing of structu
- Page 38 and 39: 18plot of this percent elongation d
- Page 40 and 41: 20significant variation in the perc
- Page 42 and 43: 22The practice of restoring histori
- Page 44 and 45: 24Elleby, Wallace W. Sanders, F. Wa
- Page 46 and 47: 26From all the surveys that were di
- Page 48 and 49: 28Table 2.1 Average Ultimate Streng
- Page 50 and 51: 30Figure 2.3 Wrought Iron “Sponge
- Page 52 and 53: 32Histogram of Kirkaldy Wrought Iro
- Page 54 and 55: 34Percent Occurance in Range - %45.
- Page 56 and 57: 3660Combined Wrought Iron BarsTensi
- Page 58 and 59: 38The Bell Ford Bridge consisted of
- Page 60 and 61: 40Two. These samples were taken fro
- Page 62 and 63: 42specimens were of constant cross
- Page 64 and 65: 44Along with rectangular tensile co
- Page 66 and 67: 46After the initial test loading wa
- Page 68 and 69: 483.6 Fatigue TestingTo develop a b
- Page 70 and 71: 50The final specimen category consi
- Page 72 and 73: 52This analysis was completed using
- Page 74 and 75: 54After the initial test was comple
- Page 76 and 77: 56completed, but before the surface
- Page 78 and 79: 58readings, load cell readings and
- Page 80 and 81: 60Figure 3.3 Donated Eyebars 4 and
- Page 82 and 83: 62Figure 3.7 Heated Areas in Blue o
15steel manufacturing mills began growing around the country, rails were eventuallyconverted to steel across the country.The transition from wrought iron to steel in the construction industry parallels that<strong>of</strong> the railroad industry. Just like any other structural building product, it took time toconvince the design <strong>and</strong> construction community <strong>of</strong> the benefits from utilizing steel as astructural material <strong>and</strong> to build more manufacturing plants. <strong>Wrought</strong> iron was morefamiliar, cheaper, <strong>and</strong> more trusted from experience.Not until Bessemer <strong>and</strong> his followers traveled the world trying to prove thesuperior quality <strong>of</strong> steel, did the industry begin to build manufacturing plants <strong>and</strong> start touse steel more in construction than wrought iron. This turn around in the United Statescould probably not be noticed until the 1890’s or even the turn <strong>of</strong> the century. Since thequality <strong>of</strong> wrought iron was variable, <strong>and</strong> the process to make wrought iron was so laborintensive <strong>and</strong> time consuming compared to steel, it soon fell behind in use for buildingpurposes.2.2 Investigation <strong>of</strong> Research Completed on Historic <strong>Wrought</strong> <strong>Iron</strong>By the middle <strong>of</strong> the nineteenth century experimental testing <strong>of</strong> metals wasbecoming a new phenomenon. Typically, before this time manufacturers <strong>and</strong> bridgedesigners used a method <strong>of</strong> trial <strong>and</strong> error to determine if a structure was to fail withcertain loads. Examples <strong>of</strong> this can be seen in many instructional books written by suchauthors as Peter Barlow, William Fairbairn, <strong>and</strong> William Humber. In The Application <strong>of</strong>Cast <strong>and</strong> <strong>Wrought</strong> <strong>Iron</strong> to Building Purposes by Barlow (1845), a majority <strong>of</strong> the bookwas comprised <strong>of</strong> load testing beams that consisted <strong>of</strong> a variety <strong>of</strong> different rolled shapes<strong>and</strong> various configurations <strong>of</strong> plates that are riveted together. These beams would then beloaded in the center <strong>and</strong> the deflection noted. Typically the load would be increasedslowly until failure.
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