Evaluation and Repair of Wrought Iron and - Purdue e-Pubs ...
Evaluation and Repair of Wrought Iron and - Purdue e-Pubs ... Evaluation and Repair of Wrought Iron and - Purdue e-Pubs ...
12method for manufacturing wrought iron grew and many manufacturing plants were builtthrough out the United States.In the United States an industrial revolution occurred during the middle of the 19 thcentury. Evidence of this can be seen in the development of new production processes,more industries being built, further development of the assembly line, growth of cities,and a decrease in the agricultural work force. The United States would later experiencethe civil war, which meant that much iron was needed for the war and for rebuilding afterthe war. During this time of industrialization and growth, wrought iron was used quiteextensively through out the country as well as in the construction industry.Many iron companies through out the region started manufacturing standardizedshapes and sizes of iron to be used for construction purposes. Each iron company had aset of standardized shapes that were produced only by that company. The companieswould print compilations of what they produced and from these booklets iron productscould be purchased. The American Institute of Steel Construction (1953) compiled manyof these standard shapes from larger companies throughout the country from the years1873 to 1952. Some of these companies included Carnegie Brothers & Company,Limited, The Passaic Rolling Mill Company, and the Phoenix Iron Company.In addition to producing standardized shapes for building construction, many ofthe iron manufacturers designed and produced bridges. One popular bridge company wasthe Wrought Iron Bridge Company of Canton Ohio. This company designed, patented,manufactured and constructed bridges. Most of the bridge companies publishedpamphlets describing the different types of bridges they built and their uses. For example,Figure 2.4 shows the front cover of a pamphlet published by the Wrought Iron BridgeCompany. Many cities, counties and even farmers simply ordered bridges from bridgecompanies by using their pamphlets. This phenomenon lead to the existence of numerouswrought iron bridges through out the United States.
13Since there was such a demand for wrought iron in the late 19 th century, manymechanical processes were invented to increase the production and quality of wroughtiron. These mechanical processes were needed to increase production capacity andreduce the amount of labor dependence that existed in the previous processes. Many newfurnaces were introduced, but none were very successful in their attempts.Concurrent with the attempts to improve the mechanical manufacture of wroughtiron, Henry Bessemer developed a new process for making steel, which was introducedaround 1855. Before this, the methods for making steel were very complex and tedious,therefore making steel was rare and more expensive to use for any sort of buildingpurposes. These processes are known as the cementation and crucible processes.Developed many years before-hand, these steel-making processes involved the additionof carbon to iron by soaking iron in carbon and letting it set over time, or meltingwrought iron and mixing it with a carbonaceous material (Stoughton, 1934).The basic concept of the Bessemer process depends on the successful rapidoxidation of the impurities (Si, Mn and C) by keeping the iron ore in a fluid molten bathwith extreme heat, thus forcing the slag to separate from the steel by floatation (Johnson1928). This was done by subjecting molten pig iron to a superheated pressured blast forabout twelve to fifteen minutes. Figure 2.5 depicts a picture of a Bessemer Converterduring one of these blasts. After oxidizing all the impurities out of the molten iron, analuminum and manganese alloy carrying several percent carbon was added. Theintroduction of this alloy resulted in the addition of carbon to the molten iron, making itsteel. Then the molten steel is poured and solidified into ingots and castings which arethen rolled into shapes (Johnson, 1928).The original Bessemer process created a brittle steel that was not useful. Then in1856 Robert Mushet discovered that by adding a compound containing manganese andiron to the molten iron in Bessemer’s process, the resulting steel could be made moreductile and have superior strength (Fisher, 1963). Bessemer and Mushet received many
- Page 1 and 2: Purdue UniversityPurdue e-PubsJTRP
- Page 3: 1. Report No. 2. Government Accessi
- Page 6 and 7: epairing a bent wrought iron tensio
- Page 8 and 9: vPageCHAPTER 3TEST PROCEDURES FOR M
- Page 10 and 11: ixLIST OF FIGURESFigurePageFigure 1
- Page 12 and 13: xiFigurePageFigure 3.30 Top View of
- Page 14 and 15: xiiiFigurePageFigure 5.12 Typical T
- Page 16 and 17: xvAppendix FigurePageFigure D.7 Ini
- Page 18 and 19: viiiAppendix TablePageTable A.5 Det
- Page 20 and 21: iiiThe authors would also like to t
- Page 22 and 23: 2but also what material properties
- Page 24 and 25: 4microstructure of the metal. The c
- Page 26 and 27: 62. LITERATURE SEARCHBefore experim
- Page 28 and 29: 8imperfections, the performance of
- Page 30 and 31: 10wrought iron. Adding the slag aft
- Page 34 and 35: 14patents for their process and tra
- Page 36 and 37: 16This method of testing of structu
- Page 38 and 39: 18plot of this percent elongation d
- Page 40 and 41: 20significant variation in the perc
- Page 42 and 43: 22The practice of restoring histori
- Page 44 and 45: 24Elleby, Wallace W. Sanders, F. Wa
- Page 46 and 47: 26From all the surveys that were di
- Page 48 and 49: 28Table 2.1 Average Ultimate Streng
- Page 50 and 51: 30Figure 2.3 Wrought Iron “Sponge
- Page 52 and 53: 32Histogram of Kirkaldy Wrought Iro
- Page 54 and 55: 34Percent Occurance in Range - %45.
- Page 56 and 57: 3660Combined Wrought Iron BarsTensi
- Page 58 and 59: 38The Bell Ford Bridge consisted of
- Page 60 and 61: 40Two. These samples were taken fro
- Page 62 and 63: 42specimens were of constant cross
- Page 64 and 65: 44Along with rectangular tensile co
- Page 66 and 67: 46After the initial test loading wa
- Page 68 and 69: 483.6 Fatigue TestingTo develop a b
- Page 70 and 71: 50The final specimen category consi
- Page 72 and 73: 52This analysis was completed using
- Page 74 and 75: 54After the initial test was comple
- Page 76 and 77: 56completed, but before the surface
- Page 78 and 79: 58readings, load cell readings and
- Page 80 and 81: 60Figure 3.3 Donated Eyebars 4 and
12method for manufacturing wrought iron grew <strong>and</strong> many manufacturing plants were builtthrough out the United States.In the United States an industrial revolution occurred during the middle <strong>of</strong> the 19 thcentury. Evidence <strong>of</strong> this can be seen in the development <strong>of</strong> new production processes,more industries being built, further development <strong>of</strong> the assembly line, growth <strong>of</strong> cities,<strong>and</strong> a decrease in the agricultural work force. The United States would later experiencethe civil war, which meant that much iron was needed for the war <strong>and</strong> for rebuilding afterthe war. During this time <strong>of</strong> industrialization <strong>and</strong> growth, wrought iron was used quiteextensively through out the country as well as in the construction industry.Many iron companies through out the region started manufacturing st<strong>and</strong>ardizedshapes <strong>and</strong> sizes <strong>of</strong> iron to be used for construction purposes. Each iron company had aset <strong>of</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ardized shapes that were produced only by that company. The companieswould print compilations <strong>of</strong> what they produced <strong>and</strong> from these booklets iron productscould be purchased. The American Institute <strong>of</strong> Steel Construction (1953) compiled many<strong>of</strong> these st<strong>and</strong>ard shapes from larger companies throughout the country from the years1873 to 1952. Some <strong>of</strong> these companies included Carnegie Brothers & Company,Limited, The Passaic Rolling Mill Company, <strong>and</strong> the Phoenix <strong>Iron</strong> Company.In addition to producing st<strong>and</strong>ardized shapes for building construction, many <strong>of</strong>the iron manufacturers designed <strong>and</strong> produced bridges. One popular bridge company wasthe <strong>Wrought</strong> <strong>Iron</strong> Bridge Company <strong>of</strong> Canton Ohio. This company designed, patented,manufactured <strong>and</strong> constructed bridges. Most <strong>of</strong> the bridge companies publishedpamphlets describing the different types <strong>of</strong> bridges they built <strong>and</strong> their uses. For example,Figure 2.4 shows the front cover <strong>of</strong> a pamphlet published by the <strong>Wrought</strong> <strong>Iron</strong> BridgeCompany. Many cities, counties <strong>and</strong> even farmers simply ordered bridges from bridgecompanies by using their pamphlets. This phenomenon lead to the existence <strong>of</strong> numerouswrought iron bridges through out the United States.
Change language