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xiiiFigurePageFigure 5.12 Typical Turnbuckle found in and Existing Wrought Iron Bridge (Penn.Railroad, Selinsgrove Bridge, Spanning Susquehanna River, Snyder County, PA -Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record)..... 134Figure 5.13 Bent and Damaged Members from the Bell Ford Bridge........................... 135Figure 5.14 Heating and Straightening Damaged Members of the Bell Ford Bridge .... 135Appendix FigurePageFigure C.1 Diagrams Showing Location for Extraction of Specimen Machined fromEyebars.................................................................................................................... 196Figure C.2 Indentations from Hardness Testing on Wrought Iron Samples from the BellFord Bridge. ............................................................................................................ 197Figure C.3 Heating of Eyebar from Bell Ford Bridge Prior to Straightening................. 198Figure C.4 Wrought Iron Plate from the Bell Ford bridge being Heated to the “Red Hot”State......................................................................................................................... 198Figure C.5 Pyrometer Used to Determine Temperature of “Red Hot” Wrought Iron... 199Figure C.6 Rotary Grinder used to form Double V Butt Joint in Welded Specimens... 199Figure C.7 Double V Butt Joint used in Welded Specimens.......................................... 200Figure C.8 Weld Joint Utilized in Testing After Initial Root Pass ................................. 200Figure C.9 Back-grinding of Initial Root Pass before Second Weld Pass is Placed ...... 201Figure C.10 Finished Weld of Testing Specimen before Surface Grinding.................. 201Figure C. 11 Welded Tensile Coupon Test Specimen before Testing............................ 202Figure C.12 Tensile Coupon Test Specimen from Adams Mill bridge before Testing. 202Figure C.13 Grips of the 220-kip MTS Four-pole Servo-Hydraulic Testing Machine .. 203Figure C.14 Controller and Function Generator of the 220-kip MTS Four-pole Servo-Hydraulic Testing Machine Along With the Data Acquisition Center (Scanners andComputer) ............................................................................................................... 203Figure C.15 Tensile Coupon from Bell Ford Bridge in Grips of MTS Testing Machinebefore Testing ......................................................................................................... 204
xivAppendix FigurePageFigure C.16 Tensile Coupon from Adams Mill Bridge in Grips of MTS Testing Machinebefore Testing ......................................................................................................... 204Figure C.17 SATEC Impact Testing Machine Along with Cooling Bath Used in CharpyImpact Testing ........................................................................................................ 205Figure C.18 Charpy Impact Specimens Suspended in Cooling Container Before Water,Ice, Dry Ice, and/or Alcohol is Added. ................................................................... 205Figure C.19 Cooling Bath with Suspended Charpy Impact Specimens after Water and Iceis Added .................................................................................................................. 206Figure C.20 Eyebar End Connection after Strain Gages were Attached ....................... 206Figure C.21 Photograph of Attachment Utilized in Testing Eyebar End Connections inthe 220-kip MTS Servo-Hydraulic Testing Machine ............................................. 207Figure C.22 View of Eyebar End Connection Pined with Pin Inserted through the TestingAttachment.............................................................................................................. 207Figure C.23 Side View of Eyebar End Connection, Pin, and Test Attachment ............. 208Figure C. 24 Shank of Eyebar End Connection Placed in Bottom Grip of MTS Machinewith Extensometer and Strain Gages in Place ........................................................ 208Figure C.25 Chisel Hammer to Remove Surface Slag of Filler Weld in Eyebar EndConnection Repair .................................................................................................. 209Figure C.26 Eyebar End Connection A after Half of Filler Weld Repair Completed.... 209Figure C.27 Eyebar End Connection B after Half of Filler Weld Repair Completed ... 210Figure C.28 Eyebar End Connection A after Filler Weld Repair and Surface GrindingCompleted ............................................................................................................... 210Figure C.29 Eyebar End Connection B After Being Placed in MTS Testing Machine. 211Figure D.1 Weld Joint Detail Used During Testing ....................................................... 216Figure D.2 Weld Joint After Initial Root Pass................................................................ 216Figure D.3 Surface Impurities or Scale on Surface of Weld ......................................... 217Figure D.4 Back Grinding of the Root Weld................................................................. 217Figure D.5 Completed Weld Before Surface Grinding .................................................. 218Figure D.6 Weld Passes and Procedure Summary for Each Test Specimen ................. 219
Page 1 and 2: Purdue UniversityPurdue e-PubsJTRP
Page 3: 1. Report No. 2. Government Accessi
Page 6 and 7: epairing a bent wrought iron tensio
Page 8 and 9: vPageCHAPTER 3TEST PROCEDURES FOR M
Page 10 and 11: ixLIST OF FIGURESFigurePageFigure 1
Page 12 and 13: xiFigurePageFigure 3.30 Top View of
Page 16 and 17: xvAppendix FigurePageFigure D.7 Ini
Page 18 and 19: viiiAppendix TablePageTable A.5 Det
Page 20 and 21: iiiThe authors would also like to t
Page 22 and 23: 2but also what material properties
Page 24 and 25: 4microstructure of the metal. The c
Page 26 and 27: 62. LITERATURE SEARCHBefore experim
Page 28 and 29: 8imperfections, the performance of
Page 30 and 31: 10wrought iron. Adding the slag aft
Page 32 and 33: 12method for manufacturing wrought
Page 34 and 35: 14patents for their process and tra
Page 36 and 37: 16This method of testing of structu
Page 38 and 39: 18plot of this percent elongation d
Page 40 and 41: 20significant variation in the perc
Page 42 and 43: 22The practice of restoring histori
Page 44 and 45: 24Elleby, Wallace W. Sanders, F. Wa
Page 46 and 47: 26From all the surveys that were di
Page 48 and 49: 28Table 2.1 Average Ultimate Streng
Page 50 and 51: 30Figure 2.3 Wrought Iron “Sponge
Page 52 and 53: 32Histogram of Kirkaldy Wrought Iro
Page 54 and 55: 34Percent Occurance in Range - %45.
Page 56 and 57: 3660Combined Wrought Iron BarsTensi
Page 58 and 59: 38The Bell Ford Bridge consisted of
Page 60 and 61: 40Two. These samples were taken fro
Page 62 and 63: 42specimens were of constant cross
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44Along with rectangular tensile co
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46After the initial test loading wa
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483.6 Fatigue TestingTo develop a b
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50The final specimen category consi
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52This analysis was completed using
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54After the initial test was comple
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56completed, but before the surface
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58readings, load cell readings and
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60Figure 3.3 Donated Eyebars 4 and
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62Figure 3.7 Heated Areas in Blue o
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64Figure 3.11 Detail Used in Groove
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66900080007000y = 27.153xR 2 = 0.99
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68Figure 3.19 Charpy Impact Testing
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70Figure 3.23 Eyebar Connection in
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72Figure 3.27 Eyebar A After Filler
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74Figure 3.31 Side View of Finished
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76Figure 3.35 Front View of Eyebar
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78strength from the existence of pe
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80The carbon content present in the
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82value may not be very accurate bu
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84strengths was found to be 29,940
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86wrought iron bars were investigat
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88stresses are induced. These perma
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90toughness the material. The test
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92From the finite element analysis,
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94Table 4.1 Chemical Analysis of Ey
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96Table 4.3 Tensile Coupon Test Res
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98Table 4.5 Charpy Impact Test Resu
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100Table 4.7 Comparison of Strain G
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102Figure 4.1 Typical Micrograph of
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104Figure 4.5 Fracture Surface of D
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106Comparison of Tensile Strengthfo
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108Combined Wrought Iron Bar Histor
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110Figure 4.17 Macrograph of Weld u
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112Figure 4.21 Cleavage Fracture of
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Figure 4.25 Elongation of Hole in E
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116signs on or near the bridge that
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118testing of historic wrought iron
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120so that they would act in symmet
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122The reasons for the differences
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124The second corrosion pattern mod
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126Keating (1984) stated that the s
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128charcoal fire until it is red ho
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130Figure 5.3 Picture of Bottom Cho
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132Figure 5.7 Using Force After Usi
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134Figure 5.11 Reassembling a Pin C
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1366. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND IMPL
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138rectangular in shape. These eyeb
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140were joined together with a full
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1424. The Charpy impact energy of t
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144connections are unsymmetrical, i
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146LIST OF REFERENCESAASHTO (1998).
Page 168 and 169:
148Hodgkinson, Eaton (1840). Experi
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150Appendix A. Data Collected From
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152Table A.1 Wrought Iron Bar Tensi
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154Table A.1 (continued) Wrought Ir
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156Table A.2 (continued) Wrought Ir
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158Table A.3 Wrought Iron Angle Ten
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160Table A.4 (continued) Summary of
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162Table A.4 (continued) Summary of
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164Table A.5 (continued) Detailed I
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184Table A.7 Tensile Strength Data
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186Table B.1 Example Historic Wroug
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188DepartmentofTransportationIf you
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190CountyIf your organizationdoes m
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192County 16: County bridge inspect
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194State 13: Included in original d
Page 216 and 217:
196Figure C.1 Diagrams Showing Loca
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198Figure C.3 Heating of Eyebar fro
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200Figure C.7 Double V Butt Joint u
Page 222 and 223:
202Figure C. 11 Welded Tensile Coup
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204Figure C.15 Tensile Coupon from
Page 226 and 227:
206Figure C.19 Cooling Bath with Su
Page 228 and 229:
208Figure C.23 Side View of Eyebar
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210Figure C.27 Eyebar End Connectio
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212Appendix D. Welding Procedure fo
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214D.2 Filler Weld for Eyebar Conne
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216Figure D.1 Weld Joint Detail Use
Page 238 and 239:
Figure D.5 Completed Weld Before Su
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220Figure D.7 Initial Pass Pattern
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