Evaluation and Repair of Wrought Iron and - Purdue e-Pubs ...
Evaluation and Repair of Wrought Iron and - Purdue e-Pubs ... Evaluation and Repair of Wrought Iron and - Purdue e-Pubs ...
xiFigurePageFigure 3.30 Top View of Finished Filler Weld in Eyebar Connection B........................ 73Figure 3.31 Side View of Finished Filler Weld in Eyebar Connection B Showing HeatDistortion .................................................................................................................. 74Figure 3.32 Eyebar Connection B Cherry Red Hot Before Being Straightened ............. 74Figure 3.33 Eyebar A Before Testing and After Surface Ground and Strain Gages hadbeen Attached............................................................................................................ 75Figure 3.34 Eyebar B Before Testing and After Surface Ground and Strain Gages hadbeen Attached............................................................................................................ 75Figure 3.35 Front View of Eyebar B in Testing Machine with Extensometer Attached. 76Figure 3.36 View of Eyebar B in Testing Machine with Extensometer Attached .......... 76Figure 4.1 Typical Micrograph of Wrought Iron (100x Magnification) ........................ 102Figure 4.2 Micrograph of Wrought Iron with Large Inclusion (100x magnification).... 102Figure 4.3 Micrograph of Steel (100x Magnification).................................................... 103Figure 4.4 Typical Fracture Surface of Wrought Iron Tensile Coupons ....................... 103Figure 4.5 Fracture Surface of Ductile Steel .................................................................. 104Figure 4.6 Fracture of Tensile Testing Coupon Immediately after Failing .................... 104Figure 4.7 Modulus of Elasticity of Tensile Test Coupons ............................................ 105Figure 4.8 Yield Strength of Tensile Test Coupons ....................................................... 105Figure 4.9 Tensile Strength of Tensile Test Coupons..................................................... 106Figure 4.10 Percent Elongation of Tensile Test Coupons .............................................. 106Figure 4.11 Theoretical Stress vs. Strain Curve for Wrought Iron................................. 107Figure 4.12 Comparison of Historical to Testing Results for Tensile Strength.............. 107Figure 4.13 Comparison of Historical to Testing Results for Percent Elongation ........ 108Figure 4.14 Comparison of Heated Straightened Specimens for Tensile Strength ........ 108Figure 4.15 Comparison of Heated Straightened Specimens for Percent Elongation .... 109Figure 4.16 Mechanically Straightened Coupon Resulting Percent Elongation............. 109Figure 4.17 Macrograph of Weld used in Welded Tensile Testing Coupons................. 110Figure 4.18 Comparison of Welded Specimens for Tensile Strength and Yield Stress . 110Figure 4.19 Comparison of Welded Specimens for Percent Elongation ........................ 111
xiiFigurePageFigure 4.20 Charpy Impact Testing Results ................................................................... 111Figure 4.21 Cleavage Fracture of Charpy Impact Specimen (LU, LS Type)................. 112Figure 4.22 Slip Plane Fracture of Charpy Impact Specimen (T Type) ......................... 112Figure 4.23 Stresses in the Eye Connection by Finite Element Analysis....................... 113Figure 4.24 Stress Distribution Through Eyebar End Connection Detail ...................... 113Figure 4.25 Elongation of Hole in Eye Connection after Testing to Failure.................. 114Figure 5.1 Typical Bridge Sign Found on Existing Historic Iron Bridges (HistoricAmerican Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record)................... 129Figure 5.2 Typical Surface Appearance of Wrought Iron in Many Existing Bridges .... 129Figure 5.3 Picture of Bottom Chord of Laughery Creek Bridge, Spanning LaugheryCreek, Aurora vicinity, Dearborn County, IN (Historic American BuildingsSurvey/Historic American Engineering Record).................................................... 130Figure 5.4 Typical Eye Pin Connection (Walnut Street Bridge, Spanning SusquehannaRiver at Walnut Street, Dauphin County, PA.............. - Historic American BuildingsSurvey/Historic American Engineering Record).................................................... 130Figure 5.5 Sketch of Typical Resulting Unsymmetrical Condition of a Pin Connection(Taavoni, 1994)....................................................................................................... 131Figure 5.6 Using Heat to Help Remove a Pin During a Rehabilitation of a Bridge InPlainfield, IN........................................................................................................... 131Figure 5.7 Using Force After Using Heat to Disassemble A Pin Connection During aRehabilitation of a Wrought Iron Bridge In Plainfield, IN..................................... 132Figure 5.8 Diagram of Potential Crack Growth in Eyebar ............................................ 132Figure 5.9 Heavy Corrosion in an Eyebar End Connection........................................... 133Figure 5.10 Filler Weld Completed in the Field to Repair Corroded Eyebar Connection................................................................................................................................. 133Figure 5.11 Reassembling a Pin Connection After Members Have Been Sand Blasted andRepainted During A Rehabilitation of a Bridge in Plainfield, IN........................... 134
- Page 1 and 2: Purdue UniversityPurdue e-PubsJTRP
- Page 3: 1. Report No. 2. Government Accessi
- Page 6 and 7: epairing a bent wrought iron tensio
- Page 8 and 9: vPageCHAPTER 3TEST PROCEDURES FOR M
- Page 10 and 11: ixLIST OF FIGURESFigurePageFigure 1
- Page 14 and 15: xiiiFigurePageFigure 5.12 Typical T
- Page 16 and 17: xvAppendix FigurePageFigure D.7 Ini
- Page 18 and 19: viiiAppendix TablePageTable A.5 Det
- Page 20 and 21: iiiThe authors would also like to t
- Page 22 and 23: 2but also what material properties
- Page 24 and 25: 4microstructure of the metal. The c
- Page 26 and 27: 62. LITERATURE SEARCHBefore experim
- Page 28 and 29: 8imperfections, the performance of
- Page 30 and 31: 10wrought iron. Adding the slag aft
- Page 32 and 33: 12method for manufacturing wrought
- Page 34 and 35: 14patents for their process and tra
- Page 36 and 37: 16This method of testing of structu
- Page 38 and 39: 18plot of this percent elongation d
- Page 40 and 41: 20significant variation in the perc
- Page 42 and 43: 22The practice of restoring histori
- Page 44 and 45: 24Elleby, Wallace W. Sanders, F. Wa
- Page 46 and 47: 26From all the surveys that were di
- Page 48 and 49: 28Table 2.1 Average Ultimate Streng
- Page 50 and 51: 30Figure 2.3 Wrought Iron “Sponge
- Page 52 and 53: 32Histogram of Kirkaldy Wrought Iro
- Page 54 and 55: 34Percent Occurance in Range - %45.
- Page 56 and 57: 3660Combined Wrought Iron BarsTensi
- Page 58 and 59: 38The Bell Ford Bridge consisted of
- Page 60 and 61: 40Two. These samples were taken fro
xiiFigurePageFigure 4.20 Charpy Impact Testing Results ................................................................... 111Figure 4.21 Cleavage Fracture <strong>of</strong> Charpy Impact Specimen (LU, LS Type)................. 112Figure 4.22 Slip Plane Fracture <strong>of</strong> Charpy Impact Specimen (T Type) ......................... 112Figure 4.23 Stresses in the Eye Connection by Finite Element Analysis....................... 113Figure 4.24 Stress Distribution Through Eyebar End Connection Detail ...................... 113Figure 4.25 Elongation <strong>of</strong> Hole in Eye Connection after Testing to Failure.................. 114Figure 5.1 Typical Bridge Sign Found on Existing Historic <strong>Iron</strong> Bridges (HistoricAmerican Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record)................... 129Figure 5.2 Typical Surface Appearance <strong>of</strong> <strong>Wrought</strong> <strong>Iron</strong> in Many Existing Bridges .... 129Figure 5.3 Picture <strong>of</strong> Bottom Chord <strong>of</strong> Laughery Creek Bridge, Spanning LaugheryCreek, Aurora vicinity, Dearborn County, IN (Historic American BuildingsSurvey/Historic American Engineering Record).................................................... 130Figure 5.4 Typical Eye Pin Connection (Walnut Street Bridge, Spanning SusquehannaRiver at Walnut Street, Dauphin County, PA.............. - Historic American BuildingsSurvey/Historic American Engineering Record).................................................... 130Figure 5.5 Sketch <strong>of</strong> Typical Resulting Unsymmetrical Condition <strong>of</strong> a Pin Connection(Taavoni, 1994)....................................................................................................... 131Figure 5.6 Using Heat to Help Remove a Pin During a Rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> a Bridge InPlainfield, IN........................................................................................................... 131Figure 5.7 Using Force After Using Heat to Disassemble A Pin Connection During aRehabilitation <strong>of</strong> a <strong>Wrought</strong> <strong>Iron</strong> Bridge In Plainfield, IN..................................... 132Figure 5.8 Diagram <strong>of</strong> Potential Crack Growth in Eyebar ............................................ 132Figure 5.9 Heavy Corrosion in an Eyebar End Connection........................................... 133Figure 5.10 Filler Weld Completed in the Field to <strong>Repair</strong> Corroded Eyebar Connection................................................................................................................................. 133Figure 5.11 Reassembling a Pin Connection After Members Have Been S<strong>and</strong> Blasted <strong>and</strong>Repainted During A Rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> a Bridge in Plainfield, IN........................... 134
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