Appendix: s11 / s21-Parameters
Appendix: s11 / s21-Parameters
Appendix: s11 / s21-Parameters
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<strong>Appendix</strong>:<strong>s11</strong> / <strong>s21</strong>-<strong>Parameters</strong>Note:The catalog presents only excerpts from thes-Parameter-Diagrams.The s-<strong>Parameters</strong> for the RF Probes not displayed here areavailable on request.Contents<strong>s11</strong> / s12-<strong>Parameters</strong>MMCX, MCX 156SMB, SMC 156 - 157SMA 157BMA, 1.0/2.3 158N 158U.FL 158 - 159Switch Connector 159PCB-Layout 159 - 163FAKRA 163AccessoriesHSD / MX49FAKRA / GT13/ GT16Coaxial dipoleProbePCB-sideMMBX /MMCX / MBX/ MCXSMB / SMCSMA / PC3.5 /QMA /SMP (X/MAX)BMA / BNC /1.0/2.3N / FME /7/16U.FL / W.FL /W.FL2 / X.FLSwitchConnectorPCB-LayoutIEC / FReverseAll specifications are subject to change without prior notification155<strong>s11</strong>/<strong>s21</strong>Parameter
<strong>s11</strong> / <strong>s21</strong>-<strong>Parameters</strong>MMCX Signal Conductor Jack:Typical Return Loss HFS-840 358 080 A 5342 ZTypical Insertion Loss HFS-840 358 080 A 5342 Z<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-10-20-30-40-50<strong>s21</strong> [dB]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]MCX Signal Conductor Jack:0Typical Return Loss HFS-840 308 080 A 5343 X0.00Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 308 080 A 5343 X-10-0.05-0.10-20-0.15<strong>s11</strong> [dB]-30-40-50-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]<strong>s21</strong> [dB]-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]SMB Signal Conductor Plug:Typical Return Loss HFS-840 303 150 A 5343 YTypical Insertion Loss HFS-840 303 150 A 5343 Y<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-10-20-30-40-50-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]<strong>s21</strong> [dB]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]SMB Signal Conductor Plug:Typical Return Loss HFS-840 303 150 A 9343 Y 2Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 303 150 A 9343 Y 2<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-10-20-30-40-50-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]<strong>s21</strong> [dB]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]156 All specifications are subject to change without prior notification
<strong>s11</strong> / <strong>s21</strong>-<strong>Parameters</strong>MMBX /MMCX MMCX / MBX/ MCXSMB Signal Conductor Plug:SMB MCX / SMCTypical Return Loss HFS-840 303 150 A 5343 F-Y14Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 303 150 A 5343 F-Y140-10-200.00-0.05-0.10-0.15SMA / PC3.5 /QMA SMB, / SMCSMP (X/MAX)<strong>s11</strong> [dB]-30-40<strong>s21</strong> [dB]-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35BMA / BNC /1.0/2.3 SMA-50-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]-0.40-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]N / FME /7/16 1.0/2.3SMB Signal Conductor Jack:<strong>s11</strong> [dB]Typical Return Loss HFS-840 308 080 A 5342 Z E0-10-20-30-40-50<strong>s21</strong> [dB]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 308 080 A 5342 Z EU.FL / W.FL /W.FL2 / X.FL BMASwitchConnectorN /IEC (75)UFLReverse-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]SMC Signal Conductor Plug:<strong>s11</strong> [dB]Typical Return Loss HFS-840 303 150 A 5343 Y 50-10-20-30-40-50<strong>s21</strong> [dB]-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 303 150 A 5343 Y 50.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40MM 8430/MS-156IEC / FFAKRA I/FAKRA IIPCB-LayoutHSD/Cinch (75)PCB-Layout PCB-side-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]SMA Signal Conductor Jack:Typical Return Loss HFS-840 308 080 A 6042 E0-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 303 080 A 6042 E0.00-0.05HFS-810/840HFS-810 Coaxial M dipoleHFS-840 MProbeHFS-410/ FAKRA / GT13440 / GT16<strong>s11</strong> [dB]-10-20-30-40-50<strong>s21</strong> [dB]-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45HFS-819/HSD / MX49868/409HFS-860 Accessories-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]All specifications are subject to change without prior notification-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]157<strong>s11</strong>/<strong>s21</strong>ParameterZubehör
<strong>s11</strong> / <strong>s21</strong>-<strong>Parameters</strong>BMA Signal Conductor Plug:Typical Return Loss HFS-840 303 150 A 5302 DTypical Insertion Loss HFS-840 303 150 A 5302 D<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-10-20-30-40-50<strong>s21</strong> [dB]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]1.0/2.3 Signal Conductor Jack:Typical Return Loss HFS-840 303 080 A 5343 TTypical Insertion Loss HFS-840 308 080 A 5343 T<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-10-20-30-40-50<strong>s21</strong> [dB]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]N Signal Conductor Jack:Typical Return Loss HFS-840 358 180 A 5342 QTypical Insertion Loss HFS-840 358 180 A 5342 Q<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-10-20-30-40-50<strong>s21</strong> [dB]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]U.FL Signal Conductor Plug:Typical Return Loss HFS-810 303 090 A 5343 Y 6Typical Insertion Loss HFS-810 303 090 A 5343 Y 6<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-10-20-30-40-50-600.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0Frequency [GHz]<strong>s21</strong> [dB]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45-0.500.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0Frequency [GHz]158 All specifications are subject to change without prior notification
<strong>s11</strong> / <strong>s21</strong>-<strong>Parameters</strong>MMBX /MMCX MMCX / MBX/ MCXU.FL Signal Conductor Plug:SMB MCX / SMCTypical Return Loss HFS-860 303 074 A 5343 Y 6Typical Insertion Loss HFS-860 303 074 A 5343 Y 60-10-200.00-0.05-0.10-0.15SMA / PC3.5 /QMA SMB, / SMCSMP (X/MAX)<strong>s11</strong> [dB]-30-40<strong>s21</strong> [dB]-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35BMA / BNC /1.0/2.3 SMA-50-600 1 2 3 4 5 6Frequency [GHz]-0.40-0.45-0.500 1 2 3 4 5 6Frequency [GHz]N / FME /7/16 1.0/2.3MM8430 / MS-156:0Typical Return Loss HFS-860 305 051 A 5343 Y 800.00Typical Insertion Loss HFS-860 305 051 A 5343 Y 80U.FL / W.FL /W.FL2 / X.FL BMA<strong>s11</strong> [dB]-10-20-30-40-50<strong>s21</strong> [dB]-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40SwitchConnectorN /IEC (75)UFLReverse-600 1 2 3 4 5 6MM8430 / MS-156:<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-10-20-30-40-50Frequency [GHz]Typical Return Loss HFS-840 305 051 A 5343 Y 82(Notice: Graph shows values forHFS-840 model)-0.45-0.500 1 2 3 4 5 6<strong>s21</strong> [dB]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40Frequency [GHz]Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 305 051 A 5343 Y 82(Notice: Graph shows values forHFS-840 model)MM 8430/MS-156IEC / FFAKRA I/FAKRA IIPCB-LayoutHSD/Cinch (75)PCB-Layout PCB-side-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0PCB-coax-closed:<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-10-20-30-40-50Frequency [GHz]Typical Return Loss HFS-840 201 051 A 5302<strong>s21</strong> [dB]-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 201 051 A 5302HFS-810/840HFS-810 Coaxial M dipoleHFS-840 MProbeHFS-410/ FAKRA / GT13440 / GT16HFS-819/HSD / MX49868/409HFS-860 Accessories-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]All specifications are subject to change without prior notification-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]159<strong>s11</strong>/<strong>s21</strong>ParameterZubehör
<strong>s11</strong> / <strong>s21</strong>-<strong>Parameters</strong>PCB-coax-closed:Typical Return Loss HFS-840 201 051 A 5306Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 201 051 A 5306<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-10-20-30-40-50-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]<strong>s21</strong> [dB]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]PCB-coax-open:Typical Return Loss HFS-840 201 051 A 5302 STypical Insertion Loss HFS-840 201 051 A 5302 S<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-10-20-30-40-50<strong>s21</strong> [dB]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]PCB-coax-open:<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-10-20-30-40-50Typical Return Loss HFS-840 201 051 A 5306<strong>s21</strong> [dB]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 201 051 A 5306 S-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]PCB-coax-kidney-shaped:Typical Return Loss HFS-840 201 051 A 5306 PTypical Insertion Loss HFS-840 201 051 A 5306 P<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-10-20-30-40-50-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]<strong>s21</strong> [dB]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]160 All specifications are subject to change without prior notification
<strong>s11</strong> / <strong>s21</strong>-<strong>Parameters</strong>MMBX /MMCX MMCX / MBX/ MCXPCB-SG Signal Conductor:SMB MCX / SMCTypical Return Loss HFS-840 204 051 A 8802 V 1 - A S 3Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 204 051 A 8802 V 1 - A S 30-10-200.00-0.05-0.10-0.15SMA / PC3.5 /QMA SMB, / SMCSMP (X/MAX)<strong>s11</strong> [dB]-30-40<strong>s21</strong> [dB]-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35BMA / BNC /1.0/2.3 SMA-50-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]-0.40-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]N / FME /7/16 1.0/2.3PCB-SG Signal Conductor:0Typical Return Loss HFS-840 358 080 A 4802 V 2 - 00S0.00Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 358 080 A 4802 V 2 - 00SU.FL / W.FL /W.FL2 / X.FL BMA<strong>s11</strong> [dB]-10-20-30-40<strong>s21</strong> [dB]-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30SwitchConnectorN /IEC (75)UFL-50-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]-0.35-0.40-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]ReverseMM 8430/MS-156PCB-GSG Signal Conductor:<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-10-20-30-40-50Typical Return Loss HFS-840 201 051 A 5629 V 2<strong>s21</strong> [dB]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 201 051 A 5629 V 2IEC / FFAKRA I/FAKRA IIPCB-LayoutHSD/Cinch (75)PCB-Layout PCB-side-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]PCB-GSG Signal Conductor:<strong>s11</strong> [dB]Typical Return Loss HFS-840 204 051 A 5629 V 2 - S 20-10-20-30-40-50<strong>s21</strong> [dB]-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.00.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45Frequency [GHz]Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 204 051 A 5629 V 2 - S 2HFS-810/840HFS-810 Coaxial M dipoleHFS-840 MProbeHFS-410/ FAKRA / GT13440 / GT16HFS-819/HSD / MX49868/409HFS-860 Accessories-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]All specifications are subject to change without prior notification-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]161<strong>s11</strong>/<strong>s21</strong>ParameterZubehör
<strong>s11</strong> / <strong>s21</strong>-<strong>Parameters</strong>PCB-GSG Signal Conductor:Typical Return Loss HFS-840 201 051 A 4829 V 2 - S 1Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 201 051 A 4829 V 2 - S 1<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-10-20-30-40-50-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]<strong>s21</strong> [dB]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]PCB-GSG Signal Conductor:Typical Return Loss HFS-840 358 080 A 5602 V 2 - 09STypical Insertion Loss HFS-840 358 080 A 5602 V 2 - 09S<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-5-10-15-20-25-30-35-400.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]<strong>s21</strong> [dB]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]PCB-GSG Signal Conductor:0Typical Return Loss HFS-840 204 051 A 9602 V 20.00Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 204 051 A 9602 V 2-10-0.05-0.10-20-0.15<strong>s11</strong> [dB]-30-40-50<strong>s21</strong> [dB]-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]PCB-GGSGG Signal Conductor:-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]Typical Return Loss HFS-840 307 100 A 7202 V 2 - 36S0-10-20Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 307 100 A 7202 V 2 - 36S0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15<strong>s11</strong> [dB]-30-40-50-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]<strong>s21</strong> [dB]-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]162 All specifications are subject to change without prior notification
<strong>s11</strong> / <strong>s21</strong>-<strong>Parameters</strong>MMBX /MMCX MMCX / MBX/ MCXPCB-GGSGG Signal Conductor:SMB MCX / SMCTypical Return Loss HFS-840 204 051 A 1102 V 2 - 360Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 204 051 A 1102 V 2 - 3600-10-200.00-0.05-0.10-0.15SMA / PC3.5 /QMA SMB, / SMCSMP (X/MAX)<strong>s11</strong> [dB]-30-40<strong>s21</strong> [dB]-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35BMA / BNC /1.0/2.3 SMA-50-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]-0.40-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]N / FME /7/16 1.0/2.3FAKRA Signal Conductor Jack:<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-10-20-30-40Typical Return Loss HFS-840 303 150 A 5342 F<strong>s21</strong> [dB]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 303 150 A 5342 FU.FL / W.FL /W.FL2 / X.FL BMASwitchConnectorN /IEC (75)UFL-50-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]-0.35-0.40-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]ReverseMM 8430/MS-156FAKRA Signal Conductor Plug:<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-10-20-30-40-50Typical Return Loss HFS-840 308 150 A 9342 F S 1<strong>s21</strong> [dB]0.00-0.05-0.10-0.15-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 308 150 A 9342 F S 1IEC / FFAKRA I/FAKRA IIPCB-LayoutHSD/Cinch (75)PCB-Layout PCB-side-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]FAKRA Signal Conductor Jack:<strong>s11</strong> [dB]0-10-20-30-40-50Typical Return Loss HFS-840 308 080 A 5342 Z E 3-0.45-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]Typical Insertion Loss HFS-840 308 080 A 5342 Z E 30.00-0.05-0.10-0.15<strong>s21</strong> [dB]-0.20-0.25-0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45HFS-810/840HFS-810 Coaxial M dipoleHFS-840 MProbeHFS-410/ FAKRA / GT13440 / GT16HFS-819/HSD / MX49868/409HFS-860 Accessories-600.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]All specifications are subject to change without prior notification-0.500.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Frequency [GHz]163<strong>s11</strong>/<strong>s21</strong>ParameterZubehör
Technical Information<strong>s11</strong>/<strong>s21</strong> Parameter Measurement MethodMeasurements to obtain the s-parameters are performedusing a vector-network-analysis method with state-of-theartequipment. Depending on what the customer’s requirementsare and which application the probe is going to beused for, 4 different configurations can be considered for RFanalysis:a RF probe only (not contacted)b RF probe contacted on coaxial interface or PCB footprintc RF probe + coaxial cable assemblyd section of an RF-Probe or assemblyde-embedding: The measurement reference-planes areindicated with the dashed lines*.Verification and Repeatability MeasurementsINGUN measurements are highly accurate and are performedwith extreme care. However, it could be necessary to verifythe measurement results. In this case INGUN can carry outdiverse external measurements on a number of VNA Unitsand subsequently call up comparative measurements.return losstime domain measurement...The graph shows a HFS-840 308 180 A 6042 E measurementin contacting mode (b). Verification measurements have beencarried out using HP 8753 VNA with transmission/reflectiontest set.Repeatability measurements can also be performed on request.There are several different network-analysis measurementapproaches for these 4 configurations. Before the actualmeasurement is carried out the measurement cables haveto be calibrated to compensate systematic and drift errors.The calibration reference plane is defined with this process.The measurement reference-plane however can differ fromthe calibration-plane. This is the case when structures likecoaxial interfaces, adaptors etc. are inserted after calibration.If necessary the additional errors can be minimized usingsophisticated compensation approaches like deviceOther measurementsIf for some reason customer requirements exceed thein-house measurement capabilities, INGUN works closely togetherwith external service-providers. This applies not onlyto RF-Probes but also for the complete range of RF productsfrom INGUN.* Exact electrical reference planes for several coaxial connectors can be determined usingthe corresponding manufacturer’s data sheets – the dashed lines in the drawings are forillustration purposes only.164
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