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Section 6ReferencesBirdlife International, CEE Bankwatch,Friends of the Earth Europe,Transport & Environment,WWF, 2003Conflict Areas between theTEN-T and Nature Conservation: CaseStudies, July 2003.Transport & Environment,WWF-European Policy Office, BirdlifeInternational, CEE Bankwatch, 2002, Trans-European Transport Networks: Options for aSustainable Future. T & E 03/2.Development: transport, infrastructure and tourismTransportThe CEE region is undergoing rapid economic change and part of that transitioninvolves the development of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T), which setsout plans for the development of road, rail, air and waterways. However theestablishment of this transport network directly threatens several important sitesidentified under the EU Natura 2000 network.A recent report by environmental NGOshighlights the lack of environmental impact assessments in the creation of the TEN-Tnetwork and the contradictions with the aims of the EU Nature Conservation policies.The report recommends that no EU funds are allocated for transport projects thatthreaten EU Natura 2000 sites and that all TEN-T projects undergo thoroughEnvironmental Impact Assessments. New data from this IPA project on priority sites forplant conservation should also be used in environmental impact assessments of TEN-Tprojects.127 IPAs (16%) record transport and infrastructure development as a direct threat.Development and tourismUrban and industrial development in the CEE region is also in a period of rapid changeand potentially threatens many valuable plant sites. However, recreation and tourismdevelopment are recorded as the most common threats to IPAs.302 IPAs (38%) are threatened by tourism and recreation developmentThe threat comes not only from the building of tourist accommodation or facilities butalso from exceeding capacity on protected areas and nature trails.Tourism, especiallyeco-tourism, has the potential to be a powerful tool in awareness raising and funding ofconservation work but needs to be developed with local land managers and specialiststo ensure that rapid development does not destroy the high nature value of these sites.NEJC JOGAN16% of IPAs are threatened bydevelopment of transport andinfrastructure86
Habitats and land usesSustainable plant useThe main uses of wild plants and fungi in Europe are herbal medicines, decorative plants,berries and mushrooms for food, forestry products, timber, and peat for horticulture.The scale of collection of these wild plant products ranges from small amounts forhousehold use and local markets to large scale collection for international corporations.Medicinal plant collection for household and market economies is most widespread insouth eastern Europe. In many cases the use of wild plants is of positive benefit to localeconomies and biodiversity but there are risks of over-exploitation and sustainablecollection practices need to be established.The extraction of peat for horticulture is stilla widespread practice. However as legislation in EU countries tightens there is a dangerthat peat exploitation will move beyond the boundaries of the EU.IPAs and wild plant useWild plant gathering is recorded as a land use on 103 IPAs (13%)Unsustainable plant gathering is recorded as a threat at 81 IPAs (10%), although this ismainly assessed as a low level threat.Peat extraction is recorded as a threat at 31 IPAs (4%)Protection of wild plants from unsustainable collectionMany of these plants, especially decorative flowers, berries, mushrooms and somemedicinal plants, are perceived to be common, however this makes them morevulnerable to over-exploitation.There are several legal provisions for the protection ofwild plants. CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Speciesprohibits the collection and sale of many plant species.Annex V of the EU HabitatsDirective obliges EU member governments to safeguard resources of many plantspecies. Many national governments also have wildlife protection legislation, e.g. inBulgaria, where particular species are legally protected and specific sites have annualcollection quotas.ReferencesAnnex V of the EU Habitats Directives,1992, Animal and Plant Species ofCommunity Interest whose taking in the wildand exploitation may be subject tomanagement measures.(www.europa.eu.int)Convention on International Trade inEndangered Species (CITES) website(www.cites.org)Kathe W., Honnef S., & Heym A., 2003Medicinal and Aromatic Plants inAlbania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatiaand Romania. WWFDeutschland and TRAFFIC Europe-Germany (www.bfn.de)TRAFFIC website (www.traffic.org)Vines, G., 2003 Herbal Harvests with aFuture:Towards sustainable sources formedicinal plants. Plantlife InternationalOrganisations such as TRAFFIC trace the route of medicinal plants from collectors tothe herbal medicine market and work to establish sustainable collection strategies.Information on peat free growing media is available from several sources includingorganisations such as the Royal Horticultural Society.NEJC JOGANLocal women collecting wild plants inSlovenia.87
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IMPORTANTPLANT AREAS INCENTRAL ANDE
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AcknowledgementsAcademy of Sciences
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ContentsBRANO MOLNARContentsExecuti
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Executive SummaryExecutive SummaryT
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Executive SummaryRecommendations:IP
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IntroductionMONICA SARBUDANKA PETRO
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IntroductionTransparency is one of
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IntroductionDANA TURONOVAThreats to
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MethodologyBRANO MOLNARBRANO MOLNAR
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MethodologyLichensThere were 34 lic
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MethodologyIPA site selection crite
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IPA databaseThe online IPA database
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Summary of IPA data149 threatened s
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Summary of IPA dataIPAs and Key Bio
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Summary of IPA dataDamaging forestr
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Summary of IPA dataIPAs and land us
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Summary of IPA dataNumber of IPAs w
Page 35 and 36: BelarusMethodology summaryCriteria
Page 37 and 38: BelarusOLEG MASLOVSKYRecommendation
Page 39 and 40: Czech RepublicCriteria listsCriteri
Page 41 and 42: Czech RepublicQualifying criteria f
Page 43 and 44: EstoniaEstoniaBy Mart Külvik, Anne
Page 45 and 46: EstoniaApart from nature conservati
Page 47 and 48: PolandPolandBy Zbigniew MirekPoland
Page 49 and 50: PolandHabitats and land usesNo. ofI
Page 51 and 52: RomaniaRomaniaBy Anca SârbuRomania
Page 53 and 54: RomaniaHabitats and land use:No. of
Page 55 and 56: RomaniaANCA SARBUReferences:Jalas,
Page 57 and 58: RussiaJONATHAN RUDGEOngoing workBel
Page 59 and 60: SlovakiaMethodology summaryCriteria
Page 61 and 62: SlovakiaOf the 154 IPAs in Slovakia
Page 63 and 64: SloveniaSloveniaBy Nejc JoganSloven
Page 65 and 66: SloveniaQualifying criteria for IPA
Page 67 and 68: IPAs in South East EuropeIPAs in so
Page 69 and 70: BulgariaPETKO TSVETKOVCriteria and
Page 71 and 72: CroatiaTONI NIKOLICCriteria and met
Page 73 and 74: MacedoniaCriteria and methodologyCr
Page 75 and 76: Serbia and MontenegroDANKA PETROVI
Page 77 and 78: Serbia and MontenegroCurrent IPA st
Page 79 and 80: IPA Projects in other countriesANDR
Page 81 and 82: Habitats and land usesANCA SARBU ˘
Page 83 and 84: Habitats and land usesBRANO MONLART
Page 85: Habitats and land usesIPAs and fore
Page 89 and 90: Existing legislation & programmesIP
Page 103 and 104: ContactsContactsPlantlife Internati
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