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Section 6Habitats and land usesAgriculture and grasslandsAgriculture, from horticulture to arable fields and grazing land, has shaped the landscapeand environment of Europe for millennia.Agricultural fields and grasslands provideunique habitats for many thousands of species of plants and animals.Agriculture employsmillions of people in Europe and is the focal point of human, animal and plantinterdependence.High Nature Value (HNV) farmland in CEEThe Dobris Assessment 1995 highlighted the damage to biodiversity on westernEuropean farmland due to the extensive use of pesticides, fertilisers, intensive grazing,and the reseeding and fertilising of grazing land. Countries such as the U.K. have lostmore than 90% of their semi-natural grasslands in the last 50 years.The KievDeclaration (2003) and the Message from Malahide (2004) also highlighted the need tobring High Nature Value Farmland under biodiversity sensitive management.The central and eastern European (CEE) region contains much of the European extentof natural and semi-natural grasslands, some of the most rapidly declining habitats inEurope. Practises such as low intensity grazing and annual hay mowing have maintainedthe delicate balance of species rich grassland and prevented the growth of scrub andforest.Threatened grassland habitats30 inland grassland habitats are recognised as threatened in the EU Habitats Directiveand 17 by the Council of Europe, Bern Convention. In CEE these range from thesteppes and dry grasslands of the south and east, mountain hay meadows, wetland andforest meadows, to the Alvar meadows of the north. Many of the endemic plant speciesof southern Europe depend on the existence of these grasslands for their survival.Thesehabitats rely on sustainable grazing and are particularly vulnerable to changes inagricultural production and rural economies, such as intensification or landabandonment.IPAs and grassland habitats517 IPAs (65%) contain grassland habitats.439 IPAs (55%) contain EU Habitats Directive threatened grassland habitats.296 IPAs (37%) contain priority grassland habitats.97 IPAs (12%) contain Bern Convention threatened grassland habitats.132 IPAs (17%) were assessed for species richness of grassland habitats under Criterion B.Grazing or livestock agriculture was recorded at 267 IPAs (34%)Hay making or mowing was recorded at 114 IPAs (14%)Threats from agriculture at IPAsThe most widespread threat to IPAs from agricultural activity comes from abandonmentor reduction in the land management.Agricultural intensification or expansion is also asignificant threat.Afforestation affects a large number of IPAs, some of the afforestationmay occur on existing grasslands.217 IPAs (27%) are threatened by land abandonment or reduction of management126 IPAs (16%) are threatened by an intensification of grazing86 IPAs (11%) are threatened by general agricultural expansion or intensification.80
Habitats and land usesANCA SARBU ˘ BRANO MONLARProtecting grasslandsAgri-environment schemes of Rural Development Programmes in the new EU memberstates can and should be used to conserve these precious habitats and maintain ruralcommunities in a healthy countryside. For example, in Slovakia, the DAPHNE Instituteof Applied Ecology assesses and certifies grasslands for farmers on the basis of theirdatabase of grassland habitats and field surveys. This certification is an essential part ofthe application for agri-environment funds. In this way, farmers benefit from continuingto maintain their grasslands. National protected area networks and the EU Natura 2000network can also be used to protect and manage the richest and most vulnerable ofthese grasslands.Alpine grasslands in the Tatras, Slovakia.ReferencesCouncil of Europe, 2003, High-Level Pan-European Conference on Agriculture andBiodiversity:Towards Integrating Biological andLandscape Diversity for SustainableAgriculture in Europe.Daphne Institute of Applied Ecology(www.daphne.sk)European Environment Agency(www.reports.eea.eu.int)1995, The Dobris assessment1998, Europe’s environment: the secondassessment.2003, Europe’s environment: the thirdassessment.King, M., 2002 England’s green unpleasantland?:Why urgent action is needed to saveEngland’s wild flower grasslands. WildlifeTrusts & Plantlife.Ministry of Agriculture Nature and FoodQuality, the Netherlands, 2005, Landabandonment, Biodiversity and theCommon Agricultural Policy.Veen, P. Grassland Research: Estonia,Hungary, Slovakia, Latvia, Slovenia,Romania, Bulgaria, Lithuania(www.veenecology.nl)A meadow with globe flowersmanaged by mowing.Poiana Stanii, the Carpathians.81
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IMPORTANTPLANT AREAS INCENTRAL ANDE
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AcknowledgementsAcademy of Sciences
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ContentsBRANO MOLNARContentsExecuti
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Executive SummaryExecutive SummaryT
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Executive SummaryRecommendations:IP
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IntroductionMONICA SARBUDANKA PETRO
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IntroductionTransparency is one of
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IntroductionDANA TURONOVAThreats to
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MethodologyBRANO MOLNARBRANO MOLNAR
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MethodologyLichensThere were 34 lic
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MethodologyIPA site selection crite
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IPA databaseThe online IPA database
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Summary of IPA data149 threatened s
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Summary of IPA dataIPAs and Key Bio
Page 29 and 30: Summary of IPA dataDamaging forestr
Page 31 and 32: Summary of IPA dataIPAs and land us
Page 33 and 34: Summary of IPA dataNumber of IPAs w
Page 35 and 36: BelarusMethodology summaryCriteria
Page 37 and 38: BelarusOLEG MASLOVSKYRecommendation
Page 39 and 40: Czech RepublicCriteria listsCriteri
Page 41 and 42: Czech RepublicQualifying criteria f
Page 43 and 44: EstoniaEstoniaBy Mart Külvik, Anne
Page 45 and 46: EstoniaApart from nature conservati
Page 47 and 48: PolandPolandBy Zbigniew MirekPoland
Page 49 and 50: PolandHabitats and land usesNo. ofI
Page 51 and 52: RomaniaRomaniaBy Anca SârbuRomania
Page 53 and 54: RomaniaHabitats and land use:No. of
Page 55 and 56: RomaniaANCA SARBUReferences:Jalas,
Page 57 and 58: RussiaJONATHAN RUDGEOngoing workBel
Page 59 and 60: SlovakiaMethodology summaryCriteria
Page 61 and 62: SlovakiaOf the 154 IPAs in Slovakia
Page 63 and 64: SloveniaSloveniaBy Nejc JoganSloven
Page 65 and 66: SloveniaQualifying criteria for IPA
Page 67 and 68: IPAs in South East EuropeIPAs in so
Page 69 and 70: BulgariaPETKO TSVETKOVCriteria and
Page 71 and 72: CroatiaTONI NIKOLICCriteria and met
Page 73 and 74: MacedoniaCriteria and methodologyCr
Page 75 and 76: Serbia and MontenegroDANKA PETROVI
Page 77 and 78: Serbia and MontenegroCurrent IPA st
Page 79: IPA Projects in other countriesANDR
Page 83 and 84: Habitats and land usesBRANO MONLART
Page 85 and 86: Habitats and land usesIPAs and fore
Page 87 and 88: Habitats and land usesSustainable p
Page 89 and 90: Existing legislation & programmesIP
Page 103 and 104: ContactsContactsPlantlife Internati
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