Olympic Committee for Human Rights (O.C.H.R.) (cant.) schools white-listed by, 80 South Africa and, 92-94, 97 test of demands by, 64-65 <strong>University</strong> of Texas at EI Paso and, 84 white-listings of, xiii, 80 Olympic games black ineligibility for, 78-79 boycott of (1968) background to, 41-42, 49 banning of South Africa and, 92-97, 116 Carlos and, see Carlos, John dissension over, 98-99 final decision on, 99-102 final stages of, 91-107 historic gains through, 108-14 idea of, x-xi R. Johnson and, 60 R. Johnson's statement on, 62-63 King and, 58, 59 Lomax and, 57-59 mass media and, 59-60, 99, 100 Negro attempts to stop, 60-63 resolution for, 55-56 J. Robinson and, 95 T. Smith and, see Smith, Tommie strengthening, 57-59 workshop on, 50-54 proposals to boycott (1960, 1964), 40-41 Olympic Project for Human Rights, x, 50, 72 final decision on, 100-2 pUblic concern aroused by, 91-92 statements supporting, 63-64 strengthening, 57-59 success of, 108-9 support for, 61, 97, 98 at victory stand, 103-6 Organization of African Unity, 92 Owens, Jesse, 75, 120 evaluated, 78, 79 medals won by, 78 Olympic boycott (1968) and, 60-61 Owens, Jim, 82, 83 Paddock,Charley,78 Palo Alto Times, 68 Patrick, Dave, 108 N.Y.A.C. boycott and, 68 Powell, Adam Clayton, 107 Presley, Bob, 80 Press, discrimination and, 31; see also Mass media Professional athletes, 21-29 accommodations made by, 26-29 as machines, 24-26 perpetuating myth of, 36-37 as property, 22; see also Commodities revolt of, 89-90; see also Revolts Property, athletes as, 22; see also Commodities Quarterbacks, black, 18 Quota system for choosing athletes, 17-18; see also Black athletes Racism black professionals and, 22 early, 2-4 in college fraternities, 12-14 in San Jose <strong>State</strong>, 42-43 See also Boycotts; Desegregation; Segregation Radio, discrimination and, 31; see also Mass' media Rafferty, Max, x Rallies, San Jose <strong>State</strong>, 43-44 Raye, Jimmy, 18 Reagan, Ronald, x, 72 Recreation, sports as, xiv-xv; see also Sports industry Recruitments coaches' hopes and, 19 of college athletes, 13-15 cuts in college, 118-19 Reeb, Reverend, 75 Renaissance five, 2-3 Reporters, see Sports reporters Revolts of black athletes, Xv-xvii, 124-25; see also Boycotts curriculum (1960s), 5; see also Colleges; Education inevitability of, 38-39 Rhodesia, Southern, 56, 59, 93, 116 Rickey, B., 27 Roberts, Walt, 35 Robeson, Paul, xi Robinson, Jackie, xvii baseball desegregated by, x, 34 challenges by, 27, 119-20 Olympic games boycott (1968) and, 95 Robinson, Oscar, 23 Robinson, Sugar Ray, 25 Index· 200 Roby, Douglas, 96 . .. Rockefeller, Nelson, XVl-XVll Russell, Bill, 39, 120 advertising by, 22, 23 on equal rights, 72 Russia,lHi Russian-American Track and Field Meet (1963),41 Russian National Team, N.Y.A.C. boycott and, 66, 68 St. Louis Cardinals, 89 Salaries, discriminatory, 22 . San Francisco (Calif.), housmg discrimination in, 24-25 San Francisco Sun Reporter, 36 San Jose <strong>State</strong> College (SJS), 12, 16 demands made at, 45-46 protest at, 42-44, 123-24 rules adopted by, 87-88 Saturday Evening Post, 70 Sayers, Gale, 23 education of, 11 School desegregation, Supreme Court ruling on (1954), 7; see also Colleges; EducatiOn Segregation of dating, 15 housing among football teams, 23-24 Chamberlain subjected to, 24 Mays subjected to, 24-25 in San Francisco, 24-25 T. Smith and, 75-76 . mass media's tacit approval of, XlV Negro colleges and pressure to, 4 through salaries, 22 Selective Service Act (1948),?1 . Sexual prowess, white obseSSiOn wlth black, 15 Simpson, O. J., 76, 79 value of, 19 SJS, see San Jose <strong>State</strong> College Skinner, Sam, 36 Slaton, Frank, 87 Slavery athletic activity under, 1, 2 happiness in, 26 . Slaves, survival tactics of, 26, 27 Smith, Bob, 80 penalization of, 81-82 Smith, Nolan, 35 Smith Tommie, xi, 41-42, 50 hodsing segregation and, 75-76 Olympic games boycott (1968) and, 100 in boycott workshop, 52-53 joins boycott movement, 71 protest of, 103-8, 124 repercussions to statement by, 47-49 statement by, 47, 63-64 Owens and, 61 threatened, 57 Snell, Matt, 23 Sororities, 12-14 desegregation of, 43, 45-46 South Africa, 56, 59 barred from Olympic games (1968), 92-97, 116 South Korea, 116 . Southern Christian Leadershlp Conference, 58 Southern Methodist <strong>University</strong>, 76 Sports industry, 118-20 as big business, 19; see also Commodities black control of, 116-17 black union and, 111 constraints imposed by, 32-33 political use of, 115, 116 principlies of, 108 Sports reporters assail Russell, 39 black, 35-36 Negro, 34-35 white, 31-34 constraints on, 32-33 injustice and, 33-34 insensitivity of, 31-32 Stanford <strong>University</strong>, 88 . Star Spangled Banner, hypocnsy of, 102-3 <strong>State</strong> Department, sports used by, 115, 116 Steketee, Scott, N., 110 Stengel, Casey, 23 Stevens, Sandy, 18 Stillman College, 5 . . Student Non-Violent Coordmatmg Committee, 50, 51-52 Students, black athletes as, 10-21 education in white colleges of, lO 11,16-17 grants-in-aid for, 9, 18. grants-in-aid as coerClve tool over, 69 85-87, 122-24 "Mickey Mouse" co.urses for, 8, 10 as performing machmes, 16-20 quota system for choosing, 17-18 reasons for staying, 19-21 Index • 201
Students, black athletes as (cant.) social experiences of, 11-16 uncertainties of, 8-9 Sullivan, John L., 3 Supreme Court, 115 school desegregation ruling of (1954),7 Taylor, Chuck, 88 Teams, all-black, 2 Television, awareness of discrimination, and, 30, 31; see also Mass media Tennessee A. & I. <strong>State</strong> <strong>University</strong>, 4 Tennis, early development of, 3 Thomas, John, 68 Time (magazine), 68 Tolans, Eddie, 78 Towler, "Deacon" Dan, 53-54 Tract, early development of, 3 Tucker, Dwight, 87 Tufts College, 5 Turner, Nat, xi Tuskegee Institute, 4 U.B.S.A. (United Black Students for Action), 44-46 UCLA (<strong>University</strong> of California at Los Angeles), 19, 76 "Uncle Tomism" in early Negro colleges, 4 Unions black student of <strong>University</strong> of California, 80 of <strong>University</strong> of Texas at El Paso, 85 of <strong>University</strong> of Washington, 82 Federation of Black Amateur Athletes, 110-13 United Black Students for Action (U.B.S.A.),44-46 United Nations, 107 United <strong>State</strong>s, 93 dipping of flag of, 102 medals won and, 116 United <strong>State</strong>s Olympic Committee, ix blacks excluded from, 79, 93 blacks hired by, 110 intimidation by, 103 South Africa's exclusion from Olympic games (1968) and, 94,96 suspensions by, 104 <strong>University</strong> of California at Berkeley, 11,88 O.C.H.R. and, 80-82 white-listed, 80 <strong>University</strong> of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 19, 76 <strong>University</strong> Games (1967),41 <strong>University</strong> of Oregon, 11 <strong>University</strong> of Southern California, 19, 76 <strong>University</strong> of Tennessee, 107 <strong>University</strong> of Texas, 107 <strong>University</strong> of Texas at EI Paso (U.T.E.P.), x, 11, 14,69 confrontation at, 84-87, 123, 124 O.C.H.R. and, 84 opening football game and, 46-47 rules adopted by, 87-88 white-listed, 80 <strong>University</strong> of Washington, 11, 76, 88, 119 confrontation at, 82-84 white-listed, 80 Urban League, avoided, 58 U.T.E.P., see <strong>University</strong> of Texas at EI Paso Votes, selling, 73-74 Waddell, Tom, 110 Walcott, Joe, 25 Wallace, George, 79, 106, 122 Ware, George Washington, 50 Warren, Mike, 49, 100 protest of, 107 Watts riot, xv Westerhoff, J. W., 96 White sports reporters, 31-34 constraints on, 32-33 injustice and, 33-34 insensitivity of, 31-32 White-listings, xiii, 80 Wilkins, Roy, 72 Williams, Willie W., 47-48 Wolfe, Dave, 36 Wooten, John, 28, 31, 89 Workshops for boycotts, 50-53 Wright, Stanley V., 59 Index· 202