Untitled - socium.ge
Untitled - socium.ge Untitled - socium.ge
Community mediation in multicultural India 419—— (1966b) Nation-building. New York: Atherton Press.Evans, Peter (1979) Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multinational, State, andLocal Capital in Brazil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Giddens, Anthony (1990) The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.Habermas, Jürgen (1996) Between Facts and Norms, trans. William Rehg. Cambridge,MA: MIT Press.Haggard, Stephan (1995) Developing Nations and the Politics of Global Integration.Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.Hall, Stuart (1980) “Encoding and Decoding,” in Stuart Hall, Dorothy Hobson, AndrewLowe, and Paul Willis (eds), Culture, Media, Language. London: Hutchinson.—— (1997) “The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicities,” in Anthony D.King (ed.), Culture, Globalization and the World System. Minneapolis, MN:University of Minnesota Press.Herman, Edward S. and McChesney, Robert W. (1997) The Global Media: The NewMissionaries of Global Capitalism. London: Cassell.Jeffrey, Robin (1976) The Decline of Nayar Dominance. New York: Holmes and Meier.—— (1997a) “Malayalam: Day-to-day Social Life of the People,” Economic andPolitical Weekly 32 (1/2) (January 4–11).—— (1997b) “Punjabi Press: Subliminal Change,” Economic and Political Weekly 32(9/10) (March 1–7/8–14).—— (1997c) “Telugu Press: Ingredients of Success and Failure,” Economic and PoliticalWeekly 32 (5) (February 1–7).Kohli, Atul (1989) “Politics of Economic Liberalization in India,” World Development 17(3).McQuail, Dennis, de Mateo, Rosario, and Tapper, Helena (1991) “A Framework forAnalysis of Media Change in Europe in the 1990s,” in Karen Siune and WolfgangTreutschler (eds), Dynamics of Media Politics: Broadcast and Electronic Media inWestern Europe. London: Sage.Mitra, Ananda (1993) Television and Popular Culture in India. New Delhi: Sage.Morley, David (1980) The Nationwide Audience, Structure and Decoding. London:British Film Institute.Norris, Pippa (2000) Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in PostindustrialSocieties. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press.Page, David and Crawley, William (2001) Satellites over South Asia. New Delhi: Sage.Pandian, M. S. S. (1992) The Image Trap. New Delhi: Sage.Rajadhyaksha, Ashish and Willemen, Paul (1999) Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. NewDelhi: Oxford University Press.Rajagopal, Arvind (2001) Politics after Television: Hindu Nationalism and the Reshapingof the Public in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Rajan, Sujeet and O’Brien, Irene (2003) “Reworking Gandhi,” Indian Express, NorthAmerican Edition (February): 17.Sachs, Jeffrey, Varshney, Ashutosh, and Bajpai, Nirupam (1999) India in the Era ofEconomic Reforms. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Schiller, Herbert I. (1979) “Transnational Media and National Development,” in KarleNordernstreng and Herbert I. Schiller (eds), National Sovereignty and InternationalCommunication, pp. 21–33. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Sussman, Gerald and Lent, John (1991) Transnational Communications: Wiring theThird World. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Thompson, John (1999) “The Media and Modernity,” in Hugh Mackay and TimO’Sullivan (eds), The Media Reader: Continuity and Transformation. London, Sage.
19. The hacker ethic as the culture of theinformation agePekka HimanenTHE CULTURE OF THE INDUSTRIAL ECONOMYIn his famous essay, “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,” MaxWeber described how the “Protestant ethic” formed the culture of capitalism.His analysis extended from the beginnings of modern capitalism in the seventeenthcentury to the industrial economy of his own time in the early twentiethcentury. Three elements constitute the core of Weber’s concept of theculture of capitalism in this period. First, the Protestant ethic and the spirit ofcapitalism include the notion of work as a duty:this peculiar idea, so familiar to us today, but in reality so little a matter of course,of one’s duty in a calling, is what is most characteristic of the social ethic of capitalisticculture, and is in a sense the fundamental basis of it. It is an obligation whichthe individual is supposed to feel and does feel towards the content of his professionalactivity, no matter in what it consists, in particular no matter whether itappears on the surface as a utilization of his personal powers, or only of his materialpossessions (as capital). (Weber, 1904–5: 54)A second element of the Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism is temporaldiscipline. Weber cites Benjamin Franklin’s “remember that time ismoney.” Time must also be subjected to a temporally regularized lifestyle. Inthis culture, “irregular work, which the ordinary laborer is often forced toaccept, is often unavoidable, but always an unwelcome state of transition. Aman without a calling thus lacks the systematic, methodical character which is. . . demanded by worldly asceticism” (Weber, 1904–5: 161). The thirdelement in Weber’s definition of the Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalismis the earning of money as an end in itself: “the summum bonum of thisethic,” Weber writes, is “the earning of more and more money” (Weber,1904–5: 53). Maximizing money becomes an imperative.Weber’s analysis of the Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism has beenquestioned in many ways (for some of the main ways, see, for example,420
- Page 389 and 390: 368 Araba Sey and Manuel Castellsci
- Page 391 and 392: 370 Araba Sey and Manuel Castellssw
- Page 393 and 394: 372 Araba Sey and Manuel Castellspa
- Page 395 and 396: 374 Araba Sey and Manuel Castellssu
- Page 397 and 398: 376 Araba Sey and Manuel Castellsch
- Page 399 and 400: 378 Araba Sey and Manuel Castellsso
- Page 401 and 402: 380 Araba Sey and Manuel CastellsCo
- Page 404: PART VIIThe culture of the network
- Page 407 and 408: 386 Imma Tubellacultural and sociol
- Page 409 and 410: 388 Imma Tubellaand through symboli
- Page 411 and 412: 390 Imma TubellaStates. During the
- Page 413 and 414: 392 Imma TubellaIn Galicia, autonom
- Page 415 and 416: 394 Imma Tubellarooms, including fi
- Page 417 and 418: 396 Imma Tubellaunderstand the choi
- Page 419 and 420: 398 Imma Tubellainteraction which i
- Page 421 and 422: 400 Imma TubellaFerguson, M. (1995)
- Page 423 and 424: 18. Globalization, identity, and te
- Page 425 and 426: 404 Anshu ChatterjeeIndian entrepre
- Page 427 and 428: 406 Anshu ChatterjeeThese enterpris
- Page 429 and 430: 408 Anshu Chatterjeerestricted area
- Page 431 and 432: 410 Anshu Chatterjeepenetration rat
- Page 433 and 434: 412 Anshu Chatterjeeproduced instit
- Page 435 and 436: 414 Anshu ChatterjeePunjabi TV face
- Page 437 and 438: 416 Anshu Chatterjeedecisions. The
- Page 439: 418 Anshu ChatterjeeNOTES1. For mor
- Page 443 and 444: 422 Pekka Himanenthe informational
- Page 445 and 446: 424 Pekka Himanenone of the founder
- Page 447 and 448: 426 Pekka Himanena work culture in
- Page 449 and 450: 428 Pekka Himanenhype in which the
- Page 451 and 452: 430 Pekka HimanenWithout renewing t
- Page 453 and 454: Afterword: an historian’s view on
- Page 455 and 456: 434 Rosalind Williamsdoes it mean t
- Page 457 and 458: 436 Rosalind Williamsindustrial soc
- Page 459 and 460: 438 Rosalind Williamsgovernance str
- Page 461 and 462: 440 Rosalind Williamsspeech deliver
- Page 463 and 464: 442 Rosalind Williamsincarnates as
- Page 465 and 466: 444 Rosalind Williamsexponentially
- Page 467 and 468: 446 Rosalind Williamsmultiplicity o
- Page 469 and 470: 448 Rosalind WilliamsArendt, Hannah
- Page 471 and 472: 450 IndexCalifornia, University of:
- Page 473 and 474: 452 IndexDetroit Area Study 249, 25
- Page 475 and 476: 454 IndexGore, Al 99Gould, Stephen
- Page 477 and 478: 456 Indexencryption 71, 76gender ga
- Page 479 and 480: 458 IndexMTV 403, 415MTV India 406M
- Page 481 and 482: 460 IndexRambler 95Raymond, Eric 35
- Page 483 and 484: 462 Indexstatism 15, 17-18, 22, 84,
- Page 485: 464 IndexYahoo! 55, 59, 61Yang, Jer
Community mediation in multicultural India 419—— (1966b) Nation-building. New York: Atherton Press.Evans, Peter (1979) Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multinational, State, andLocal Capital in Brazil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Giddens, Anthony (1990) The Consequences of Modernity. Cambrid<strong>ge</strong>: Polity Press.Habermas, Jür<strong>ge</strong>n (1996) Between Facts and Norms, trans. William Rehg. Cambrid<strong>ge</strong>,MA: MIT Press.Haggard, Stephan (1995) Developing Nations and the Politics of Global Integration.Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.Hall, Stuart (1980) “Encoding and Decoding,” in Stuart Hall, Dorothy Hobson, AndrewLowe, and Paul Willis (eds), Culture, Media, Langua<strong>ge</strong>. London: Hutchinson.—— (1997) “The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicities,” in Anthony D.King (ed.), Culture, Globalization and the World System. Minneapolis, MN:University of Minnesota Press.Herman, Edward S. and McChesney, Robert W. (1997) The Global Media: The NewMissionaries of Global Capitalism. London: Cassell.Jeffrey, Robin (1976) The Decline of Nayar Dominance. New York: Holmes and Meier.—— (1997a) “Malayalam: Day-to-day Social Life of the People,” Economic andPolitical Weekly 32 (1/2) (January 4–11).—— (1997b) “Punjabi Press: Subliminal Chan<strong>ge</strong>,” Economic and Political Weekly 32(9/10) (March 1–7/8–14).—— (1997c) “Telugu Press: Ingredients of Success and Failure,” Economic and PoliticalWeekly 32 (5) (February 1–7).Kohli, Atul (1989) “Politics of Economic Liberalization in India,” World Development 17(3).McQuail, Dennis, de Mateo, Rosario, and Tapper, Helena (1991) “A Framework forAnalysis of Media Chan<strong>ge</strong> in Europe in the 1990s,” in Karen Siune and WolfgangTreutschler (eds), Dynamics of Media Politics: Broadcast and Electronic Media inWestern Europe. London: Sa<strong>ge</strong>.Mitra, Ananda (1993) Television and Popular Culture in India. New Delhi: Sa<strong>ge</strong>.Morley, David (1980) The Nationwide Audience, Structure and Decoding. London:British Film Institute.Norris, Pippa (2000) Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in PostindustrialSocieties. Cambrid<strong>ge</strong>; Cambrid<strong>ge</strong> University Press.Pa<strong>ge</strong>, David and Crawley, William (2001) Satellites over South Asia. New Delhi: Sa<strong>ge</strong>.Pandian, M. S. S. (1992) The Ima<strong>ge</strong> Trap. New Delhi: Sa<strong>ge</strong>.Rajadhyaksha, Ashish and Willemen, Paul (1999) Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. NewDelhi: Oxford University Press.Rajagopal, Arvind (2001) Politics after Television: Hindu Nationalism and the Reshapingof the Public in India. Cambrid<strong>ge</strong>: Cambrid<strong>ge</strong> University Press.Rajan, Sujeet and O’Brien, Irene (2003) “Reworking Gandhi,” Indian Express, NorthAmerican Edition (February): 17.Sachs, Jeffrey, Varshney, Ashutosh, and Bajpai, Nirupam (1999) India in the Era ofEconomic Reforms. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Schiller, Herbert I. (1979) “Transnational Media and National Development,” in KarleNordernstreng and Herbert I. Schiller (eds), National Sovereignty and InternationalCommunication, pp. 21–33. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Sussman, Gerald and Lent, John (1991) Transnational Communications: Wiring theThird World. Newbury Park, CA: Sa<strong>ge</strong>.Thompson, John (1999) “The Media and Modernity,” in Hugh Mackay and TimO’Sullivan (eds), The Media Reader: Continuity and Transformation. London, Sa<strong>ge</strong>.