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418 Anshu ChatterjeeNOTES1. For more recent work, see Norris (2000), who provides an analysis that places the mediawithin the structural framework of democracy. See also Deutsch (1966b); Connor (1970–1);Blumer and Gurevitch (1995).2. See Government of India, Ministry of Human Affairs, at www.censusindia.net/2001housing/S00-020.html.The former figure is from Government of India, Ministry of Informationand Broadcasting, Doordarshan 1996, p. 44.3. Zee Telefilms Annual Report, 1999. Zee’s popularity extended into Pakistan and Nepal withproximate language communities.4. Hinglish is a mix of Hindi and English often utilized by urban youth.5. Zee TV’s figure is an average derived from three of the Zee channels, Zee TV, Zee Cinema,and Zee Music.6. Chandrababu Naidu is often referred to as the lap-top minister. He has pushed for liberalizingpolices in the center as part of the BJP-led ruling coalition (see www.chandrababunaidufanclub.org).7. The Press Trust of India is a central state-sponsored news agency.8. Pakistan’s population is estimated at 145 million.9. Punjab ranked second in the country in per capita net state domestic product at Rs 23,040for the year 1999–2000. It has maintained the high ranking of the previous two decades. SeeGovernment of India, Ministry of Finance, Economic Survey, 2000–2001, Appendix, table1.7, S-11.10. Audience Research Unit, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India,Doordarshan 2002.11. Government of India, Ministry of Human Affairs, Census 1991, state profiles (availablefrom www.censusindia.net/data/ke.pdg).12. Barjinder Singh, Managing Editor, Ajit, interview with the author, June 25, 1999.13. “Murdoch in Asia: Think Globally, Broadcast Locally,” Business Week, June 6, 1994.14. Indira Mansingh, News Director, Star TV, New Delhi, interview with the author, July 12,1999.15. Rathikanta Basu, the CEO of Star India division was Doordarshan Director General in 1990.Indira Mansingh, who originally worked at Doordarshan from 1985 to 1997, became Star’sNews Director in 1997.16. Natasha Malhotra, Marketing Director at MTV office, interview with the author, March 30,1999.17. Figures are from National Readership Survey, 1997, Marketing and Research Group (India),Audience Survey, August 1999, and INTAM Study.18. See “MTV and Gandhi” at www.Indiantelevision.org (February 3, 2003). See also Rajan andO’Brien (2003: 17).REFERENCESBlumer, Jay G. and Gurevitch, Michael (1995) The Crisis of Public Communication.London: Routledge.Castells, Manuel (1997) The Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell.Chatterjee, Saibal (1997) “How Zee is Shooting Star,” Outlook (September 22), 72–4.Connor, W. (1970–1) “Nation-building or Nation Destroying?,” World Politics 24:319–55.Dasgupta, Jyotirindra (1970) Language Conflict and National Development. Berkeley,CA: University of California Press.Deutsch, Karl (1966a) Nationalism and Social Communication: An Inquiry into theFoundations of Nationality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.