Untitled - socium.ge
Untitled - socium.ge Untitled - socium.ge
Why information should influence productivity 173chapter 2 in “Managing Information: Issues of Networks, Value, Policy, andPrinciples” unpublished PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge, MA.—— and Brynjolfsson, E. (1995) “Communication Networks and the Rise of anInformation Elite: Do Computers Help the Rich Get Richer?,” Proceedings of theInternational Conference on Information Systems, Amsterdam, pp. 93–6.—— and —— (1996a) “Electronic Communities: Global Village or Cyberbalkans?,”International Conference on Information Systems, December 16–18, Cleveland,Ohio.—— and —— (1996b) “Internet: Could the Internet Balkanize Science?,” Science 274(5292): 1479–80.——, —— and Madnick, S. (1995) “Why Not One Big Database? Principles for DataOwnership,” Decision Support Systems 15 (4): 267–84.Von Hippel, E. (1988) Sources of Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Wasserman, S. and Faust, K. (1994) Social Network Analysis: Methods andApplications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Watts, D. J. (1999) Small Worlds: The Dynamics of Networks between Order andRandomness. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.—— and Strogatz, S. H. (1998) “Collective Dynamics of ‘Small-world’ Networks,”Science 393: 440–2.——, Dodds, P., and Newman, M. (2002) “Identity and Search in Social Networks,”Science 296: 1302–5.Weick, K. E. (1984) “Small Wins: Redefining the Scope of Social Problems,”American Psychologist 39 (1): 40–9.Wenger, E. (1998) Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, Identity. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Wernerfelt, B. (1984) “A Resource-based View of the Firm,” Strategic ManagementJournal 5: 171–80.Winter, S. G. (1987) “Knowledge and Competence as Strategic Assets,” in D. J. Teece(ed.), The Competitive Challenge, pp. 159–84. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Yang, S. and Brynjolfsson, E. (2003) “Intangible Assets and Growth Accounting:Evidence from Computer Investments,” discussion draft (available at: http://ebusiness.mit.edu/erik/itg01-05-30.pdf).Zander, U. and Kogut, B. (1995) “Knowledge and the Speed of Transfer and Imitationof Organizational Capabilities: An Empirical Test,” Organization Science 6: 76–92.
7. Labor in the network society: lessonsfrom Silicon ValleyChris BennerDuring the dramatic Internet-driven boom of the 1990s, Silicon Valley wasdescribed as the home of “the greatest-ever legal creation of wealth in thehistory of the world.” 1 For the young entrepreneurs, engineers, andcomputer professionals who benefited from abundant job offers, high wages,and sky-rocketing stock options during this time, Silicon Valley offeredseemingly limitless opportunities for economic prosperity. By 2003,however, conditions for workers in the region had radically changed. Stockprices crashed, making most stock options worthless, while in the space ofonly two years, more than 18 percent of total jobs in the Valley disappearedand average pay declined by an astonishing 22 percent (JV: SVN, 2003;Sylvester, 2003).A survey in June 2003 found that more than a quarter of all workers in theregion had been laid off in the previous two years, and that nearly 35 percentof families had at least one person in their household out of work for morethan three months during that time (Steen, 2003; Sylvester, 2003). Softwareprogrammers and web designers, who three years previously had beencomplacent in their secure futures at the core of rapidly expanding globalsoftware and Internet industries, were now found in the streets of SanFrancisco, protesting against the global outsourcing of their highly skilledjobs, which they feared threatened their future and very livelihood(Asaravala, 2003; Shinal, 2003).Many workers and analysts in the region have been surprised at this rapidchange of fortune. In reality, however, the volatility of the past three yearsmerely continues (in perhaps a more extreme way) the pattern of insecurityand volatility that has characterized work and employment in SiliconValley’s information technology industries for at least the past thirty years.As the information technology industries that have dominated the region’seconomy for the past half-century have developed, evolved, and grownthroughout the globe, rapidly changing technology, volatile competitiveconditions, and constantly shifting skill requirements have led employers toplace a high premium on labor flexibility. As a result, employment in the174
- Page 144 and 145: The Internet in China 123jianguanzh
- Page 146 and 147: 5. Reflexive Internet? The Britishe
- Page 148 and 149: Reflexive Internet? The British exp
- Page 150 and 151: Reflexive Internet? The British exp
- Page 152 and 153: Reflexive Internet? The British exp
- Page 154 and 155: Reflexive Internet? The British exp
- Page 156 and 157: Reflexive Internet? The British exp
- Page 158 and 159: Reflexive Internet? The British exp
- Page 160 and 161: Reflexive Internet? The British exp
- Page 162 and 163: Reflexive Internet? The British exp
- Page 164: PART IIIThe Network Economy
- Page 167 and 168: 146 Marshall Van Alstyne and Nathan
- Page 169 and 170: 148 Marshall Van Alstyne and Nathan
- Page 171 and 172: 150 Marshall Van Alstyne and Nathan
- Page 173 and 174: 152 Marshall Van Alstyne and Nathan
- Page 175 and 176: 154 Marshall Van Alstyne and Nathan
- Page 177 and 178: 156 Marshall Van Alstyne and Nathan
- Page 179 and 180: 158 Marshall Van Alstyne and Nathan
- Page 181 and 182: 160 Marshall Van Alstyne and Nathan
- Page 183 and 184: 162 Marshall Van Alstyne and Nathan
- Page 185 and 186: 164 Marshall Van Alstyne and Nathan
- Page 187 and 188: 166 Marshall Van Alstyne and Nathan
- Page 189 and 190: 168 Marshall Van Alstyne and Nathan
- Page 191 and 192: 170 Marshall Van Alstyne and Nathan
- Page 193: 172 Marshall Van Alstyne and Nathan
- Page 197 and 198: 176 Chris BennerLABOR AND FLEXIBILI
- Page 199 and 200: 178 Chris BennerFlexibility in Work
- Page 201 and 202: 180 Chris Bennerservices means that
- Page 203 and 204: 182 Chris BennerTable 7.2Indicators
- Page 205 and 206: 184 Chris BennerThis service is oft
- Page 207 and 208: 186 Chris Bennerof human resource a
- Page 209 and 210: 188 Chris Benneryears, however, edu
- Page 211 and 212: 190 Chris Bennermarket, however, is
- Page 213 and 214: 192 Chris BennerFlexible labor mark
- Page 215 and 216: 194 Chris BennerAsaravala, Amit (20
- Page 217 and 218: 196 Chris BennerLave, Jean and Weng
- Page 219 and 220: 8. Time, space, and technology infi
- Page 221 and 222: 200 Caitlin Zaloomthe bids and offe
- Page 223 and 224: 202 Caitlin Zaloomexchange, the bro
- Page 225 and 226: 204 Caitlin Zaloomrecently, the log
- Page 227 and 228: 206 Caitlin Zaloomadvantage of the
- Page 229 and 230: 208 Caitlin Zaloomletters to form w
- Page 231 and 232: 210 Caitlin Zaloom“reprogrammable
- Page 233 and 234: 212 Caitlin ZaloomCallon, Michel (1
- Page 236: PART IVSociability and social struc
- Page 239 and 240: 218 Keith N. Hampton“blasé attit
- Page 241 and 242: 220 Keith N. Hamptonerosion of the
- Page 243 and 244: 222 Keith N. Hamptonby the least ex
Why information should influence productivity 173chapter 2 in “Managing Information: Issues of Networks, Value, Policy, andPrinciples” unpublished PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambrid<strong>ge</strong>, MA.—— and Brynjolfsson, E. (1995) “Communication Networks and the Rise of anInformation Elite: Do Computers Help the Rich Get Richer?,” Proceedings of theInternational Conference on Information Systems, Amsterdam, pp. 93–6.—— and —— (1996a) “Electronic Communities: Global Villa<strong>ge</strong> or Cyberbalkans?,”International Conference on Information Systems, December 16–18, Cleveland,Ohio.—— and —— (1996b) “Internet: Could the Internet Balkanize Science?,” Science 274(5292): 1479–80.——, —— and Madnick, S. (1995) “Why Not One Big Database? Principles for DataOwnership,” Decision Support Systems 15 (4): 267–84.Von Hippel, E. (1988) Sources of Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Wasserman, S. and Faust, K. (1994) Social Network Analysis: Methods andApplications. Cambrid<strong>ge</strong>: Cambrid<strong>ge</strong> University Press.Watts, D. J. (1999) Small Worlds: The Dynamics of Networks between Order andRandomness. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.—— and Strogatz, S. H. (1998) “Collective Dynamics of ‘Small-world’ Networks,”Science 393: 440–2.——, Dodds, P., and Newman, M. (2002) “Identity and Search in Social Networks,”Science 296: 1302–5.Weick, K. E. (1984) “Small Wins: Redefining the Scope of Social Problems,”American Psychologist 39 (1): 40–9.Wen<strong>ge</strong>r, E. (1998) Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, Identity. Cambrid<strong>ge</strong>:Cambrid<strong>ge</strong> University Press.Wernerfelt, B. (1984) “A Resource-based View of the Firm,” Strategic Mana<strong>ge</strong>mentJournal 5: 171–80.Winter, S. G. (1987) “Knowled<strong>ge</strong> and Competence as Strategic Assets,” in D. J. Teece(ed.), The Competitive Challen<strong>ge</strong>, pp. 159–84. Cambrid<strong>ge</strong>, MA: Ballin<strong>ge</strong>r.Yang, S. and Brynjolfsson, E. (2003) “Intangible Assets and Growth Accounting:Evidence from Computer Investments,” discussion draft (available at: http://ebusiness.mit.edu/erik/itg01-05-30.pdf).Zander, U. and Kogut, B. (1995) “Knowled<strong>ge</strong> and the Speed of Transfer and Imitationof Organizational Capabilities: An Empirical Test,” Organization Science 6: 76–92.