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Why information should influence productivity 171Huber, G. (1991) “Organizational Learning: The Contributing Processes and theLiteratures,” Organization Science 2 (1): 88–115.Jorgenson, D. (1995) Productivity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.—— (2001) “Information Technology and the US Economy,” American EconomicReview 91 (1): 1–32.Jovanovic, B. and Nyarko, Y. (1996) “Learning by Doing and the Choice ofTechnology,” Econometrica 64 (6): 1299–310.Katz, M. L. and Shapiro, C. (1985) “Network Externalities, Competition andCompatibility,” American Economic Review 75 (3): 424–40.Kleinberg, J. (2000) “The Small-world Phenomenon: An Algorithmic Perspective,”32nd ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computing.Kogut, B. and Zander, U. (1992) “Knowledge of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities,and the Replication of Technology,” Organization Science 3 (3): 383–97.—— and —— (1996) “What Firms Do? Coordination, Identity and Learning,”Organization Science 7 (5): 502–18.Lawrence, P. R. and Lorsch, J. W. (1967) “Differentiation and Integration in ComplexOrganizations,” Administrative Science Quarterly 12 (1): 1–47.Lehr, B. and Lichtenberg, F. (1999) “Information Technology and its Impact onProductivity: Firm-level Evidence from Government and Private Data Sources,1977–1993,” Canadian Journal of Economics 32 (2): 335–62.Liebowitz, S. J. and Margolis, S. E. (1990) “The Fable of the Keys,” Journal of Lawand Economics 33 (1): 1–26.—— and —— (1994) “Network Externality: An Uncommon Tragedy,” Journal ofEconomic Perspectives 8 (2): 133–50.Malone, T. W. and Crowston, K. (1994) “The Interdisciplinary Study of Coordination,”ACM Computing Surveys 26 (1): 87–119.March, J. G. and Simon, H. A. (1958) Organizations. New York: John Wiley.——, Sproull, L. and Tamuz, M. (1991) “Learning from Samples of One or Fewer,”Organization Science 2 (1).Markus, M. L. (1983) “Power, Politics and MIS Implementation,” Communications ofthe ACM 26 (6): 430–44.Marschak, J. and Radner, R. (1972) Economic Theory of Teams. New Haven, CT: YaleUniversity Press.Nelson, R. R. and Winter, S. G. (1982) An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Oliner, S. D. and Sichel, D. E. (1994) “Computers and Output Growth Revisited: HowBig is the Puzzle?,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2: 273–334.—— and —— (2000) “The Resurgence of Growth in the Late 1990s: Is InformationTechnology the Story?,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 14 (4): 3–22.Orlikowski, W. J. (1992) Learning from Notes: Organizational Issues in GroupwareImplementation. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer-supportedCooperative Work, pp. 362–9.Pakes, A. (1986) “Patents as Options: Some Estimates of the Value of HoldingEuropean Patent Stocks,” Econometrica 54 (4): 755–84.Porter, M. (1980) Competitive Strategy. New York: The Free Press.Powell, W. W., Koput, K., et al. (1996) “Interorganizational Collaboration and theLocus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology,” AdministrativeScience Quarterly 41 (1): 116–45.Prahalad, C. K. and Hamel, G. (1990) “The Core Competence of the Corporation,”Harvard Business Review 68 (3): 79–91.
172 Marshall Van Alstyne and Nathaniel BulkleyPratt, J. W. (1964) “Risk Aversion in the Small and in the Large.” Econometrica 32(1/2): 122–36.Rangan, S. (2000) “The Problem of Search and Deliberation in Economic Action: WhenSocial Networks Really Matter,” Academy of Management Review 25 (4): 813–28.Rivera-Batiz, L. and Romer, P. M (1991) “Economic Integration and EndogeneousGrowth,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 106 (2): 531–55.Roach, S. S. (1987) “America’s Technological Dilemma: A Profile of the InformationEconomy,” Special Economy Study, Morgan Stanley and Co.Romer, P. M. (1986) “Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth,” Journal of PoliticalEconomy 94 (5): 1002–37.—— (1990) “Endogenous Technological Change,” Journal of Political Economy 98 (5):S71–S102.Rothschild, M. and Stiglitz, J. E. (1970) “Increasing Risk. I: A Definition,” Journal ofEconomic Theory 2 (3): 225–43.Sah, R. K. and Stiglitz, J. (1986) “The Architecture of Economic Systems,” AmericanEconomic Review 76 (4): 716–27.Saxenian, A. (1994) Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley andRoute 128. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Shapiro, C. and Varian, H. R. (1999) Information Rules. Cambridge, MA: HarvardBusiness School Press.Shy, O. (2001) The Economics of Network Industries. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.Simon, H. A. (1996) The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Singley, M. K. and Anderson, J. R. (1989) The Transfer of Cognitive Skill. Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press.Solow, R. (1987) “We’d Better Watch Out,” New York Times Book Review (July 12): 36.Spence, M. (1973) “Job Market Signaling,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 87 (3):355–74.Staw, B. M., Sandelands, L. E., et al. (1981) “Threat-rigidity Effects in OrganizationalBehavior: A Multi-level Analysis,” Administrative Science Quarterly 26: 501–24.Sterman, J. D. (2000) Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for aComplex World. New York: McGraw-Hill.Stigler, G. J. (1961) “The Economics of Information,” Journal of Political Economy 69(3): 213–25.Stiglitz, J. (2000) “The Contributions of the Economics of Information to TwentiethCentury Economics,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 115 (4): 1441–78.Sudit, E. (1995) “Productivity Measurement in Industrial Operations,” EuropeanJournal of Operational Research 85 (3): 435–53.Teece, D. J. (1980) “Economies of Scope and the Scope of the Enterprise,” Journal ofEconomic Behavior and Organization 1: 223–47.—— (1986) “Profiting from Technological Innovation: Implications for Integration,Collaboration, Licensing and Public Policy,” Research Policy 15: 285–305.——, Pisano, G., and Shuen, A. (1997) “Dynamic Capabilities and StrategicManagement,” Strategic Management Journal 18 (7): 509–33.Thompson, J. D. (1967) Organizations in Action: Social Science Bases of AdministrativeTheory. New York: McGraw-Hill.Tirole, J. (1988) The Theory of Industrial Organization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Ulrich, K. (1995) “The Role of Product Architecture in the Manufacturing Firm,”Research Policy 24: 419–40.Van Alstyne, M. (1997) “A Proposal for Valuing Information and Instrumental Goods,”
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Why information should influence productivity 171Huber, G. (1991) “Organizational Learning: The Contributing Processes and theLiteratures,” Organization Science 2 (1): 88–115.Jor<strong>ge</strong>nson, D. (1995) Productivity. Cambrid<strong>ge</strong>, MA: MIT Press.—— (2001) “Information Technology and the US Economy,” American EconomicReview 91 (1): 1–32.Jovanovic, B. and Nyarko, Y. (1996) “Learning by Doing and the Choice ofTechnology,” Econometrica 64 (6): 1299–310.Katz, M. L. and Shapiro, C. (1985) “Network Externalities, Competition andCompatibility,” American Economic Review 75 (3): 424–40.Kleinberg, J. (2000) “The Small-world Phenomenon: An Algorithmic Perspective,”32nd ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computing.Kogut, B. and Zander, U. (1992) “Knowled<strong>ge</strong> of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities,and the Replication of Technology,” Organization Science 3 (3): 383–97.—— and —— (1996) “What Firms Do? Coordination, Identity and Learning,”Organization Science 7 (5): 502–18.Lawrence, P. R. and Lorsch, J. W. (1967) “Differentiation and Integration in ComplexOrganizations,” Administrative Science Quarterly 12 (1): 1–47.Lehr, B. and Lichtenberg, F. (1999) “Information Technology and its Impact onProductivity: Firm-level Evidence from Government and Private Data Sources,1977–1993,” Canadian Journal of Economics 32 (2): 335–62.Liebowitz, S. J. and Margolis, S. E. (1990) “The Fable of the Keys,” Journal of Lawand Economics 33 (1): 1–26.—— and —— (1994) “Network Externality: An Uncommon Tra<strong>ge</strong>dy,” Journal ofEconomic Perspectives 8 (2): 133–50.Malone, T. W. and Crowston, K. (1994) “The Interdisciplinary Study of Coordination,”ACM Computing Surveys 26 (1): 87–119.March, J. G. and Simon, H. A. (1958) Organizations. New York: John Wiley.——, Sproull, L. and Tamuz, M. (1991) “Learning from Samples of One or Fewer,”Organization Science 2 (1).Markus, M. L. (1983) “Power, Politics and MIS Implementation,” Communications ofthe ACM 26 (6): 430–44.Marschak, J. and Radner, R. (1972) Economic Theory of Teams. New Haven, CT: YaleUniversity Press.Nelson, R. R. and Winter, S. G. (1982) An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Chan<strong>ge</strong>.Cambrid<strong>ge</strong>, MA: Harvard University Press.Oliner, S. D. and Sichel, D. E. (1994) “Computers and Output Growth Revisited: HowBig is the Puzzle?,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2: 273–334.—— and —— (2000) “The Resur<strong>ge</strong>nce of Growth in the Late 1990s: Is InformationTechnology the Story?,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 14 (4): 3–22.Orlikowski, W. J. (1992) Learning from Notes: Organizational Issues in GroupwareImplementation. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer-supportedCooperative Work, pp. 362–9.Pakes, A. (1986) “Patents as Options: Some Estimates of the Value of HoldingEuropean Patent Stocks,” Econometrica 54 (4): 755–84.Porter, M. (1980) Competitive Strategy. New York: The Free Press.Powell, W. W., Koput, K., et al. (1996) “Interorganizational Collaboration and theLocus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology,” AdministrativeScience Quarterly 41 (1): 116–45.Prahalad, C. K. and Hamel, G. (1990) “The Core Competence of the Corporation,”Harvard Business Review 68 (3): 79–91.