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Silicon Valley and Finland 83——, Paija, Laura, Reilly, Catherine, and Ylä-Anttila, Pekka (2000) Nokia: A BigCompany in a Small Country. Helsinki: Taloustieto.Benner, Chris (2002) Work in the New Economy: Flexible Labor Markets in SiliconValley. Oxford: Blackwell.Brynjolfsson, Erik and Hitt, Lorin M. (2000) “Computing Productivity: Firm-levelEvidence,” Cambridge, MA: MIT–Sloan School Center for E-business, workingpaper.Castells, Manuel (1989) The Informational City: Information Technology, EconomicRestructuring, and the Urban Regional Process. Oxford: Blackwell.—— (2001) The Internet Galaxy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.—— and Hall, Peter (1994) Technopoles of the World: The Making of Twenty-firstCentury Industrial Complexes. London: Routledge.—— and Himanen, Pekka (2002) The Information Society and the Welfare State: TheFinnish Model. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Gordon, Richard (1994) Informationalization, Multinationalization, Globalization:Contradictory World Economies and New Spatial Divisions of Labor. Santa Cruz,CA: University of California Center for the Study of Global Transformations, workingpaper no. 94.Jorgenson, Dale and Stiroh, Kevin (2000) Raising the Speed Limit: US EconomicGrowth in the Information Age. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, volume 2.Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.—— and Yip, Eric (2000) “Whatever Happened to Productivity? Investment andGrowth in the G-7,” in E. R. Dean et al. (2000) New Developments in ProductivityAnalysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Koski, Heli, Rouvinen, Petri, and Ylä-Anttila, Pekka (2002) Tieto & Talous: Mitäuudesta taloudesta jäi. Helsinki: Edita.Lécuyer, Christophe (2000) “Fairchild Semiconductor and its Influence,” in Chong-Moon Lee, William F. Miller, Marguerite Gong Hancock, and Henry S. Rowen(eds), The Silicon Valley Edge: A Habitat for Innovation and Entrepreneurship.Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2001)Knowledge and Skills for Life: First Results from PISA 2000. Paris: OECD.Pulkkinen, Matti (1997) The Breakthrough of Nokia Mobile Phones. Helsinki: HelsinkiSchool of Economics and Business Administration.Saxenian, Anna Lee (1994) Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in SiliconValley and Route 128. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.—— (1999) Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley. San Francisco: Public PolicyInstitute of California.—— (2002) Local and Global Networks of Immigrant Professionals in Silicon Valley.San Francisco, CA: Public Policy Institute of California.Sichel, Daniel (1997) The Computer Revolution: An Economic Perspective.Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2001) Human Development Report2001. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Zook, Matthew (2004) The Geography of the Internet Industry. Oxford: Blackwell.
3. The Russian network societyElena VartanovaRecent decades have been marked by the emergence of much research on theinformation society which has put technological, economic, and media developmentsinto the focus of international academic discourse (Webster, 1995).However, its ambiguity becomes evident, especially in comparison withalready-existing theories of post-industrial, post-capitalist, globalized societies(Bell, 1960; Drucker, 1993; Giddens, 1993). The concept of the networksociety has brought a new perspective into academic discourse by focusing onthe complexity and multiplicity of interrelations among a variety of socialagents acting in a modern society, thus intertwining contradictory drivingforces into an interconnected reality. Technology and telecommunications, aglobalized economy and labor, nation-states and non-governmental civic organizations,new social and cultural movements, all have been reconsideredthrough their interrelations within a network structure that has become thebackbone infrastructure of a modern globalized world (Castells, 1996–8). Theconcept of the network society applied in social research, as Castells andKiselyova (2000) have shown, has become a universal characteristic ofmodern social reality and structures regardless of their national or economicorigins.For Russia, as for other countries of the former Soviet region, the conceptof a network society has emerged as an academic challenge for severalreasons. The collapse of the USSR led to a total change of intellectual paradigmsand posed many new questions, especially in the field of socialresearch. Although the antagonism between capitalism and socialism, orstatism as Castells (1996–8) has termed it, is no longer a core element of theglobal system, the nature of present worldwide transformations is stillapproached by many Russian academics through a concept of dichotomy.Russia is often viewed as a society of clashing antagonisms: between East andWest, understood first and foremost as Christian and technologically advancedEurope (Kara-Mourza, 2001), democracy and authoritarianism, industrialismand post-industrialism (Inozemtsev, 1999, 2001), center and periphery(Neklessa, 1999), national and global (Segbers, 1999; Delyagin, 2001;Neklessa, 2001; Rantanen, 2002). Some scholars, however, argue that presentRussian society can no longer be described by a commonly shared definition,84
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Silicon Valley and Finland 83——, Paija, Laura, Reilly, Catherine, and Ylä-Anttila, Pekka (2000) Nokia: A BigCompany in a Small Country. Helsinki: Taloustieto.Benner, Chris (2002) Work in the New Economy: Flexible Labor Markets in SiliconValley. Oxford: Blackwell.Brynjolfsson, Erik and Hitt, Lorin M. (2000) “Computing Productivity: Firm-levelEvidence,” Cambrid<strong>ge</strong>, MA: MIT–Sloan School Center for E-business, workingpaper.Castells, Manuel (1989) The Informational City: Information Technology, EconomicRestructuring, and the Urban Regional Process. Oxford: Blackwell.—— (2001) The Internet Galaxy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.—— and Hall, Peter (1994) Technopoles of the World: The Making of Twenty-firstCentury Industrial Complexes. London: Routled<strong>ge</strong>.—— and Himanen, Pekka (2002) The Information Society and the Welfare State: TheFinnish Model. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Gordon, Richard (1994) Informationalization, Multinationalization, Globalization:Contradictory World Economies and New Spatial Divisions of Labor. Santa Cruz,CA: University of California Center for the Study of Global Transformations, workingpaper no. 94.Jor<strong>ge</strong>nson, Dale and Stiroh, Kevin (2000) Raising the Speed Limit: US EconomicGrowth in the Information A<strong>ge</strong>. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, volume 2.Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.—— and Yip, Eric (2000) “Whatever Happened to Productivity? Investment andGrowth in the G-7,” in E. R. Dean et al. (2000) New Developments in ProductivityAnalysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Koski, Heli, Rouvinen, Petri, and Ylä-Anttila, Pekka (2002) Tieto & Talous: Mitäuudesta taloudesta jäi. Helsinki: Edita.Lécuyer, Christophe (2000) “Fairchild Semiconductor and its Influence,” in Chong-Moon Lee, William F. Miller, Marguerite Gong Hancock, and Henry S. Rowen(eds), The Silicon Valley Ed<strong>ge</strong>: A Habitat for Innovation and Entrepreneurship.Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2001)Knowled<strong>ge</strong> and Skills for Life: First Results from PISA 2000. Paris: OECD.Pulkkinen, Matti (1997) The Breakthrough of Nokia Mobile Phones. Helsinki: HelsinkiSchool of Economics and Business Administration.Saxenian, Anna Lee (1994) Regional Advanta<strong>ge</strong>: Culture and Competition in SiliconValley and Route 128. Cambrid<strong>ge</strong>, MA: Harvard University Press.—— (1999) Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley. San Francisco: Public PolicyInstitute of California.—— (2002) Local and Global Networks of Immigrant Professionals in Silicon Valley.San Francisco, CA: Public Policy Institute of California.Sichel, Daniel (1997) The Computer Revolution: An Economic Perspective.Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2001) Human Development Report2001. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Zook, Matthew (2004) The Geography of the Internet Industry. Oxford: Blackwell.
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