UNIDO/GEF Project of the implementation of the Stockholm ...

Centre ofExcellenceUNIDO/GEF Project of the implementation ofthe Stockholm Convention on Persistent OrganicPollutants (POPs Convention) in the Central andEastern European countriesIvan Holoubek et al.1RECETOX - TOCOEN & AssociatesKamenice 126/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech RepublicPhone: : +420 5 47 121 401; fax: +420 5 47 121 431E-mail: holoubek@recetoxrecetox.muni.cz; http://recetox.muni.cz/1st Workshop CoE, PTS Contamination of European RegionHotel Santon, Brno, CR, 10-12/11/2003

Contents Regional POPs problems Country specific POPs problems Enabling activities – results Post - NIP strategies ConclusionsR - T & A

Stockholm Convention- Global inventory – UNEPChemicals/GEF „Regionally„Regionally-Based Assessment of PersistentToxic Substances“- GEF/UNIDO Project „Enabling„activities to facilitate early actionin the implementation of theStockholm Convention onPersistent Organic Pollutants(POPsConvention) in CzechRepublic“R - T & A

Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Chemicals in Centraland Eastern European Countries - state-of-the-Art ReportGota AlvLatviaEstoniaWNSETOCOEN REPORT No. 150aBrno, Czech Republic, May 2000ted KingdomNetherlandsDenmarkLithuaniaByelarus3 rd Version - September 01, 2004PolandBelgiumGermanyerseyFranceLuxembourgRhineSwitzerlandDanubeCzech RepublicAustriaSlovakiaHungaryMoldovaUkraineDnieperDonhttp://recetox.muni.cz/SloveniaCroatiaRomaniaMonacoItalySan MarinoBosnia and HerzegovinaSerbiaAndorraMontenegroBulgariaMacedoniaAlbanianGreece1000 0 1000 2000 KilometersFiratGeR - T & AAuthors:Ivan Holoubek, Anton Kocan, Irena Holoubkova, KláraHilscherova, Jiri Kohoutek, Jerzy Falandysz, Ott Roots,Emanuel Heinisch, Mladen Picer, Victor Shatalov, ValeryjPetrosjan, Zarema Amirova

Emissiontrend of POPs in the CR – 1990 - 2000Emissions1600Trends of POPs emissions in the CR, 1990 - 2001140012001000PAHs [kg.rok -1 ]PCBs [kg.rok -1 ]PCDDs/Fs [g.rok -1 ]80060040020001990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001YearsR - T & A

Regional Hot spotsGota AlvNEstoniaWESLatviaDenmarkLithuaniaByelarusted KingdomNetherlandsPolandBelgiumGermanyerseyLuxembourgRhineDanubeCzech RepublicSlovakiaUkraineDnieperDonAustriaFranceSwitzerlandHungaryMoldovaSloveniaCroatiaRomaniaMonacoItalySan MarinoBosnia and HerzegovinaSerbiaAndorraMontenegroBulgariaMacedoniaAlbanianGreece1000 0 1000 2000 KilometersFiratGeR - T & A

DenmarkGota AlvLatviaEstoniaWNSEHot spotsLithuaniaByelarusted KingdomNetherlandsPolandBelgiumGermanyerseyLuxembourgRhineDanubeCzech RepublicSlovakiaUkraineDnieperDonAustriaFranceSwitzerlandHungaryMoldovaSloveniaCroatiaRomaniaMonacoItalyBosnia and HerzegovinaSan MarinoSerbiaMontenegroAndorraBulgariaMacedoniaAlbanianGreece1000 0 1000 2000 KilometersFiratGeChemical and petrochemical industryWaste disposalPCBs wastesObsolete pesticidesWaste lagoonsContaminated soils and sedimentsWaste incineratorsUnspecified sourcesMilitary basesWars areasR - T & A

Regional contamination – Danube river basinR - T & A

The area around Semič contaminated by PCBs froma capacitor and electrical equipment factoryR - T & AThe plant “Iskra” has used various PCBs oils from 1962 to 1985.65 to 75 tons were put off on inadequate land sites (mostly in karstichollows) inside the plant or near vicinity.In waterproof concrete dumpsite was put off about 30 to 50 tons ofPCBs wastes collected from karstic hollows and other sites.It is estimated that between 30 and 40 tons of PCBs wastes still existinside the karstic area of Bela Krajina county.

R - T & ACroatia

R - T & ACroatia

R - T & ASerbia

R - T & AThe Kosovo conflict

APOPSBALASSESSMENT OF THE SELECTED POPs (PCBs,PCDDs/Fs, OCPs) IN THE ATMOSPHERE ANDWATER ECOSYSTEMS FROM THE WASTEMATERIALS GENERATED BY WARFARE INFORMER YUGOSLAVIAR - T & A

MacedoniaOHIS chemical complex in Skopje, Skopje Drisla landfill - ~ 30 000 ttechnical mixtures of HCHsR - T & A

AlbaniaFormer Durres chemicalplantSeveral km 2 heavily contaminated by hazardous wastes –round 20 000 t of toxic wastes with lindaneSoil contamination – 1.29 – 3.14 g HCH.kg -1R - T & A

PCBs production in former CzechoslovakiaWhen the PCBs production in Chemko Strazske was terminated in January1984 officially 21 482 t of PCBs were produced [Kocan et al. 1998]9 869 t, i.e. 46 %, was exported mainly to former East GermanyThe rest, i.e. 11 613 t was used inside former Czechoslovakia chiefly as heatexchanger fluids, capacitor and transformer dielectric fluids, and paintadditives2000PCB Amount Manufactured [t18001600140012001000800600400200019591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984Year of ManufactureR - T & A

CZPLStropkov DistrictPCBs in the Slovak RepublicUAHMic halo vc eDis trictR - T & A

PCBs in the Slovak RepublicA specimen of waste from PCBproduction stored in thepremises of a former SlovakproducerPLStropkov DistrictCZUAAHHMichalovceDistrictR - T & A

PCBs in the Slovak RepublicProduction Waste1 606 tFate Unknown2 745 t=Products4 071 tStored / landfilled1 605 t Destroyed368 tIn Use959 tInventory estimation of PCBs used in Slovakia (aNovember 1997 situation)R - T & A

PCBs in the Slovak RepublicVicinity of A/G mix plant 4Vicinity of A/G mix plant 3Vicinity of A/G mix plant 2Vicinity of A/G mix plant 135000380007500StropkovDistrict3900Ondava RiverNWESAt asphalt/gravel mix plant53 000 000 = 5.3 %Domasa LakeRim of Michalove dumpFields near Chemko dump170400Chemko - formerPCB producerNear Chemko dump5800Near Chemko waste storage700ppb (dry soil)R - T & APCB levels (the sum of all congeners) in soilsamples collected in the vicinity ofasphalt/gravel mixing plants and thewaste disposal sites of the Chemkochemical factory.Laborec RiverZemplinska Sirava LakeMichalovceDistrictMore detailed map of the pollutedand control areas with rivers andlakes; the population of theMichalovce district is 108 000 andthe Stropkov one 20,500

Czech RepublicR - T & AAfter 1989 attempts have been done to make an ecologicalliquidation of the obsolete stocks.This has been done under conditions responding today’srequirements i.e. technology, temperature etc., the first partof it was combusted in Ingolstadt (FRG).According to the survey of the SPA the quantity of pesticidesliquidated in this way was about 1 900 tons; 50 to 60 % of itwere POP’s pesticides (in most cases DDT and HCH).

The case of Spolana Neratovice in the CR• The chemical factory of Spolana Neratovice is situated approximately 25km north of Prague at the Elbe River• It produced in the period of 1965-68 the chlorine herbicide 2,4,5-T andchlorinated phenols• A part of 2,4,5-T was even exported to the USA and was applied as thecomponent of "Agent Orange" within the Vietnam war• During the production due to breaking technological conditions, a hugeamount of dioxins (in particular, the most toxic 2,3,7,8-TCDD) wasformed and former factory buildings containing products, intermediates,installations, etc. belong currently to the most dioxin-contaminated siteson the globeR - T & A

Saved building A114ASpolana Neratovice, , a.s.Building A1030Building A1420R - T & A

Identification of PCDDs/Fssources – sediments from the vicinity ofSpolana – percentages of individual 2378-substitutedPCDDs/Fs(WHO-TEQ pg.g- 1 )100%OCDF80%1,2,3,4,7,8,9 HpCDF1,2,3,4,6,7,8 HpCDF2,3,4,6,7,8 HxCDF60%1,2,3,7,8,9 HxCDF1,2,3,6,7,8 HxCDF1,2,3,4,7,8 HxCDF40%2,3,4,7,8 PeCDF1,2,3,7,8 PeCDF2,3,7,8 TeCDF20%OCDD1,2,3,4,6,7,8 HpCDD1,2,3,7,8,9 HxCDD1,2,3,6,7,8 HxCDD0%1,2,3,4,7,8 HxCDDsan. odp.avz.1vz.2315231533169406a444546474832213222322378112030-24950573334363763331332483249325032521,2,3,7,8 PeCDD2,3,7,8 TeCDDR - T & A

Spolana NeratoviceContent of buildings:Process plantsChemical wastes stored and unstoredContaminated buildingR - T & A

Spolana NeratoviceDecontamination/demolitionIndirect thermal desorptionMetal part furnaceR - T & A

Germany• Besides the Buna-Werke the chemical enterprise ChemiekombinatBitterfelf (CKB) was the most important production and processingsite of chlorine in the former GDR.• In the eighties not only di-, tri- and tetrachloromethane andtrichloroethane were produced in amounts of 10 000-20 000 t.y -1 , butalso 73 000 t technical HCHs were synthesized from 1967-1982 andprocessed to 5 500 t of lindane.• In the same period estimated 50 000 t DDT were synthesized at theCKB.• Especially problematically was the yield of very high amounts of wasteproducts like hexa- and pentachloroethane and the first of all the“ballast isomers” α−, β−, δ− and ε-HCH.• These persistent and toxic substances were disposed of in formerbrown coal mines.R - T & A

R - T & AEnabling activities - results

PCBs EquipmentsPCBs Inventory in Croatia (2003)• Data base was formed with co-operation ofMoEPPP for over 400 companies.Total number of capacitors and transformers containing PCBsin CROATIA:EquipmentAmountIn-useOut-ofserviceInreserveAmounntTransformers30495.14.9728.68Capacitors22 85987.18.74.2655.711 384.38R - T & AImport: 167.2 t (1996-2001)Export: 267.7 t PCBs-containing waste

OCPs Inventory in Croatia (2003)Pesticide Waste/Stocks:From 1998-2002:• 1 683 kg of DDT and 3 497 kg of pesticide packaging wasincinerated (Croatian Forest stocks)• 40 kg of DDT reported in Karlovac region• some Lindane stock existing - still being used in agriculture• 218 tonnes of pesticides which was stored in PUTO -Hazardous Waste incinerator plant before accident - norecords• 24,282 t OCPs wastest were incinerated during this periodR - T & A

OCPs Inventory in Hungary (2003)POPs Waste/Stocks:• 17 000 t TeBz – Igare, 15 km from Croatian boarder– near to River SavaR - T & A

PCBs Inventory in Poland (2003)Estimated quantities of PCB contaminated equipment, according to theImplementation Plan for the EU 1996/59/EC Directive.Mass[Mg]Source of originMethod of disposalOil with PCBs 3 000 Oil removed from transformers - 1000 Mg.Oil removed from scraped transformers andother equipment (switches, rectifiers, etc.) –1000 Mg.Waste oils and fluids from decontaminationprocesses – 1000 Mg.Incineration in aninstallation fordestruction of liquidchloro-organiccompoundsCapacitors andother equipmentrequiringdecontaminationTransformers andother equipmentrequiringdecontamination7 620 250 000 capacitors in use or scraped, weighingin average 30 kg each – 7 500 MgNon-metallic materials of dismantledtransformers (paper, timber) – 120 Mg3 500 1 000 transformers, after removal of oil andnon-metallic parts detached – 3 000 MgMetallic parts of switches, rectifiers, and other-500 MgIncineration in aninstallation fordestruction of liquidchloro-organicsubstancesDecontaminationR - T & A

OCPs Inventory in Poland (2003)Location of „waste tombs” in Poland at the background of the current administrativedivision into 16 voivodships. „Waste tombs” were classified according to the amount ofwaste disposed off (wild dumps mean landfills not compliant with the Instruction 1/71).wild dump1-10 tonnes11-50 tonnes51-100 tonnes101-150 tonnes151-300 tonnesR - T & A

PCBs Inventory in Romania (2003)Number of Electrical Equipments Containing PCBsR - T & A

OCPs Inventory in Romania (2003)POP-Pesticides Pesticides Distribution Over Romanian TerritoryR - T & A

PCBs Inventory in Macedonia (2003)Situation with transformer oils in the Republic of MacedoniaInstalledStockpiles (PSE)Waste oilsAnnual consumption8 268.38 tonnes110 tonnes21 tonnes576.64 tonnesUnknown contents of PCBsR - T & A

Slovakia - POPs Pesticides Inventory results (April 2003)ProductActiveingredient[kg][%]DDT probDDT500.2DDT probDDT8 00025.6DYKOLDDT400.1GAMADYNDDT2 0706.6LIDYKOLDDT15ENDRIN 20endrin3521.1AGRONEX HT-30heptachlor450.1AGRONAL HHCB700.2MELIPAXtoxaphen20 6406631 290R - T & A

PCBs Inventory in Slovakia and CR (2003)Type Ident. No-Ident. Total pcs. tonnsCapacitors17 296 13 130 30 426 (170)Transformers200206406(82)Other119310429(92)TOTAL17 61513 646(344)TypeIdent.No-Ident.Total pcs.tonnsCapacitors13 2916 52919 820(330.5)Transformers521 2091 261(1 350.8)Other4 2474 247(1 647.4)TOTAL13 34311 98525 328(3 328.7)11 613 t was used inside former Czechoslovakia; round 750 000pcs of correction capacitors were produced (3-20 kg of PCBs)R - T & A

PCBs Inventory in Slovakia and CR (2003)11 613 t was used inside former CzechoslovakiaCR/SR Inventory – 3 673 tTanabe approach - ~ 1/3 producing amounts is in theenvironmentStill round 3 000 t anywhere – wastes, uncontrolled andunregistered equipments, unknownR - T & A

Beyond Enabling ActivitiesUNIDO Regional WorkshopBrno, Czech Republic, 30-31/05/200331/05/2003A Virtual Elimination of PCB Stockpiles in the CEE Region:- Common strategy for obsolete POPs disposal – using ofexisting technology unit/common investment- Mobil unit/transport of wastes cross theboarder/development of new, own technologyR - T & A

ConclusionsR - T & AChanges in economy - weak base for the solving ofenvironmental problems, especially connectedwith the re-structuralisation of industry;PCBs production was stopped in the first half of80´s, but PCBs are still used in variousequipments;OCPs were banned (or used in some special cases)in 70´s and 80´sProduction of PCDDs/Fs - reduction is connectedmainly with changes of industry, reduction ofparticulate emissions and POPs Protocol ofUN/ECE;

The decreasing trends in the levels ofenvironmental contamination;Conclusions Hot spots still exist - old storage; Illegal disposal of PCBs and OCPs wastes -mainlycombustion in inconvenient equipment - potentialsources of environmental contamination byPCDDs/Fs (fly ash); Region has new specific sources of PCBscontamination - the results of Balkan wars;R - T & A

Problems with methods for acceptable disposal ofPCBs and OCPs containing wastes - region has notspecial disposal capacity - wastes are mainlytransported abroad for destruction or they areused not quite convenient methods for destruction- cement kilns, incineration etc.; Problems in co-operation in the region;Conclusions Regional action should be combined withpromotion of for example Integrated PestManagement (IPM) and with efforts to find betterdisposal options the export to Europe forincinerationR - T & A

Conclusions Urgent need for structured (sub)regionalcollaboration and more intensive and co-ordinatedcollaboration with countries and institutionsoutside the regionR - T & A

Thank you very much for yourattention !!http://recetoxrecetox.muni.cz/holoubek@recetoxrecetox.muni.czR - T & A