Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe ... - MemoFin.fr

ContentsContentsAcknowledgements................................................................................................... 11Executive summary................................................................................................... 15Technical summary................................................................................................... 191 Introduction......................................................................................................... 301.1 Purpose and outline..........................................................................................301.2 Scope and link to other EU and EEA activities and products ...................................321.3 Background and policy framework.......................................................................331.4 Climate change, impact, vulnerability and adaptation indicators .............................351.5 Emissions and socio‐economic scenarios for projections ........................................381.6 Uncertainty in observations and projections..........................................................421.7 Definition of vulnerability and risk.......................................................................452 Changes in the climate system............................................................................. 492.1 Human influence on the climate system...............................................................492.2 Key climate variables........................................................................................542.3 Cryosphere......................................................................................................733 Climate impacts on environmental systems.......................................................... 893.1 Oceans and marine environment.........................................................................893.2 Coastal zones.................................................................................................1013.3 Freshwater quantity and quality........................................................................1123.4 Terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity..............................................................1273.5 Soil...............................................................................................................1464 Climate impacts on socio‐economic systems and health .................................... 1584.1 Agriculture.....................................................................................................1584.2 Forests and forestry........................................................................................1724.3 Fisheries and aquaculture................................................................................1814.4 Human health................................................................................................1834.5 Energy..........................................................................................................2014.6 Transport services and infrastructure.................................................................2054.7 Tourism.........................................................................................................2095 Vulnerability to climate change.......................................................................... 2135.1 Introduction...................................................................................................2135.2 River flooding, water scarcity and droughts........................................................2135.3 Integrated assessment of vulnerability to climate change ....................................2165.4 Vulnerability of cities and urban areas...............................................................2225.5 Damage costs................................................................................................228Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 20123