Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe ... - MemoFin.fr

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Introductionunderstand the territorial and sectoral distributionof vulnerability to climate change impacts.Vulnerability is defined as a function of 1) theexposure to climate change impacts,2) the sensitivity and 3) the adaptive capacity of asystem or territory)'.For a further discussion of the use of the conceptsvulnerability and risk, the reader is referred toSection 1.7.1.4.2 Criteria for indicator selection and changessince the 2008 reportThe selection of indicators for this report wasguided by a number of criteria and documentedin an ETC/CCA technical paper ( 19 ). This technicalpaper used 13 criteria grouped into the followingthemes:1. Policy relevance;2. Causal links to climate change;3. Methodological and data quality, and dataaccessibility;4. Robustness and known uncertainty;5. Acceptance and intelligibility.Some criteria were adapted to address the specificcharacteristics of those parts of indicators addressing'observed change' and 'future projections'. The finalselection of indicators was done in consensus withthe authors, considering all criteria mentioned aboveas well as the opinions of the external AdvisoryGroup.The number and quality of the underlyinginformation on climate change impacts,vulnerability and risks relevant for Europe hasincreased since the publication of the previousclimate change indicator report of 2008. In the 2012report several new indicators have been included,and some indicators have been extended to includeadditional information. A few indicators have beendropped because they do not fulfil the updatedcriteria for EEA indicators (see Section 1.4.2), butinformation on these topics is still presented in thisreport.Table 1.2 shows the main changes in indicatorscovered in the 2012 report compared to the 2008report. Changes in the names of indicators withoutmajor changes in content and movements ofindicators from one section to another are notreported in this table.Table 1.2 Changes in indicators 2008–2012Section New or modified indicator in 2012 Replaced or removed indicator from2008 reportKey climate variables Storms Storms and storm surges in EuropeCryosphere Permafrost Mountain permafrostOceans and marineenvironmentCoastal zonesFreshwater quantity andqualityArctic and Baltic sea iceOcean acidificationOcean heat contentStorm surgesArctic sea iceFreshwater biodiversity and water qualitySoil Soil erosion Soil erosion by waterLand degradation and desertificationAgriculture Water-limited crop productivity Crop yield variabilityAgriculture and forestryHuman health Floods and health Heat and healthExtreme temperatures and healthAir pollution by ozoneAir pollution by ozone and healthWater- and food-borne diseasesEnergyEconomic sectorsHeating degree daysDirect losses from river flood disastersCoastal areas( 19 ) ETC/CCA Technical paper on evaluation of climate change state, impact and vulnerability indicators (draft 2011).36 Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012
Introduction1.4.3 Overview of main EU indicatordevelopmentsIn the EU a number of indicator sets exist or arebeing developed for various policy purposes. Theseinitiatives do not yet explicitly take climate changeimpact, vulnerability and adaptation aspects intoaccount, although the indicator global temperatureincrease is included in a few sets (either ascontextual or as key indicator).The following main EU policy processes and relatedindicators exist:• European Commission (including Eurostat):• Europe 2020 indicators ( 20 );• A resource efficient Europe by 2020 ( 21 );• GDP and beyond ( 22 );• Structural indicators ( 23 );• Sustainable Development Indicators(SDI) ( 24 );• Annual Environment Policy Review ( 25 );• Environmental Accounts ( 26 ) (Eurostat and EEA);• EEA core set of indicators (CSI) ( 27 ) and EEAenvironmental and sectoral indicators;• The JRC develops and maintains a range ofindicators (e.g. on soil, forests).The EEA hosts about 225 indicators across12 environmental and sectoral themes, including forexample on water, biodiversity, marine and varioussectors and also the 2008 indicator set on climatechange, impacts and vulnerability. In 2011/2012 theEEA has reviewed its indicators, including the EEAcore set (of 37 indicators). The EEA core set containstwo indicators related to climate change: GHGconcentration in the atmosphere (not presented inthis report) and global/European temperature (seeSection 2.2.2). The EEA, together with the EuropeanCommission and interested member countries,will discuss proposals for further prioritisationof indicators until the end of 2013. This report onclimate change impact and vulnerability indicatorswill be an important input to this process. Furtherdetails on EU indicator sets and their relevance forclimate change are presented in Chapter 6.1.4.4 National initiatives on indicatorsAn important part of the adaptation to climatechange is local or national. There is therefore a needto develop climate change impact and vulnerabilityindicators at national and subnational levels. Toallow sharing of good practice and comparativeanalysis that can inform policymaking at theEuropean level it is desirable to achieve, as far aspossible, consistency in methodologies and datacollection, across countries.Several countries have started developing indicatorsets. Here two examples are mentioned. TheUnited Kingdom (United Kingdom) published itsfirst Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA) inJanuary 2012 (Defra, 2012). It contains a range ofindicators on projected climate change impact andvulnerability that are similar to those covered in thisreport, but an in‐depth comparison has not yet takenplace. The adaptation sub-committee (ASC) of theindependent Climate Change Committee publisheda second and third report of the United Kingdom'spreparedness (ASC, 2011; 2012) that sets out a rangeof indicators against which the United Kingdom'sprogress can be measured. The UK government willin future undertake a study of the Economics ofClimate Resilience, focusing on policy options forthe key risks identified, towards a future NationalAdaptation Programme. The ASC will continue todevelop and implement their indicator frameworkfor measuring progress on preparing for climatechange in the United Kingdom and develop a morecomprehensive set of indicators across the priorityareas for adaptation, including those not coveredso far (emergency planning, managing naturalresources and other infrastructure sectors).In 2008 Germany adopted the 'German Strategy forAdaptation to Climate Change' (DAS) (DeutscheBundesregierung, 2008). It was followed by the'Adaptation Action Plan (APA) of the GermanAdaptation Strategy' (Deutsche Bundesregierung,2011) adopted in August 2011. The 'AdaptationAction Plan' sets strategic priorities including theexpansion of the knowledge base on climate changeimpacts for all sectors, the subsequent prioritisationof climate risks and, based on this, the definitionof key areas for actions or priority measures of theFederal Government (some of the measures in joint( 20 ) See http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm and http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/europe_2020_indicators/headline_indicators.( 21 ) See http://ec.europa.eu/resource-efficient-europe/.( 22 ) See http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/gdp_and_beyond/introduction.( 23 ) See http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/structural_indicators/introduction.( 24 ) See http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/sdi/indicators.( 25 ) See http://ec.europa.eu/environment/policyreview.htm.( 26 ) See http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/environmental_accounts/introduction.( 27 ) See http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators#c7=all&c5=&c0=10&b_start=0&c10=CSI.Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 201237
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Indicator and data needsA key polic
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Abbreviations and acronymsAcronym o
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Abbreviations and acronymsProject a
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Referenceset al. (2010) DEMIFER: De
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ReferencesNovember to 11 December 2
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ReferencesEEA (2011a) Mapping the i
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References19 December 2009. UNFCCC,
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ReferencesIsaksen, K., Sollid, J. L
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Referencesfür Hydrologie und Limno
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Referencescirculation models. Journ
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ReferencesDevelopment. http://ec.eu
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Referencestemperature. Epidemiology
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ReferencesEEA (2012) Annual Europea
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ReferencesChapter 5:Vulnerability t
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ReferencesSchool. http://www.jbs.ca
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European Environment AgencyClimate
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