Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe ... - MemoFin.fr

Indicator and data needsTable 6.1Essential Climate Variables that are both currently feasible for globalimplementation and have a high impact on UNFCCC requirementsDomainAtmospheric(over land, sea and ice)OceanicTerrestrialGCOS Essential Climate VariablesSurface: ( a ) Air temperature, wind speed and direction, water vapour, pressure, precipitation, surfaceradiation budget.Upper-air: ( b ) Temperature, wind speed and direction, water vapour, cloud properties, earth radiationbudget (including solar irradiance).Composition: Carbon dioxide, methane, and other long-lived greenhouse gases ( c ), ozone and aerosol,supported by their precursors ( d ).Surface: ( e ) Sea-surface temperature, sea-surface salinity, sea level, sea state, sea ice, surface current,ocean colour, carbon dioxide partial pressure, ocean acidity, phytoplankton.Sub-surface: Temperature, salinity, current, nutrients, carbon dioxide partial pressure, ocean acidity,oxygen, tracers.River discharge, water use, groundwater, lakes, snow cover, glaciers and ice caps, ice sheets, permafrost,albedo, land cover (including vegetation type), Fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation(FAPAR), Leaf area index (LAI), above-ground biomass, soil carbon, fire disturbance, soil moisture.Note:( a ) Including measurements at standardised, but globally varying heights in close proximity to the surface.( b ) Up to the stratopause.( c ) Including nitrous oxide (N 2O), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs).( d ) In particular nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), sulphur dioxide (SO 2), formaldehyde (HCHO) and carbon monoxide (CO).( e ) Including measurements within the surface mixed layer, usually within the upper 15 m.implementation plan are estimated to be aboutUSD 2.5 billion/year. A 'Satellite Supplement' ( 116 )provides additional technical detail related tosatellite-based observations for climate for eachof the ECVs. Table 6.2 provides the list of ECVsconsidered particularly feasible for sustainedmonitoring from satellites.Various ECVs are directly (or indirectly) relevantfor the indicators on climate change and its impactsas presented in this report, such as near-surfaceatmospheric conditions, sea-surface temperature, iceand snow cover, and permafrost.Table 6.2Essential Climate Variables for which satellite observations make a significantcontributionDomainAtmospheric(over land, sea and ice)OceanicTerrestrialEssential Climate VariablesSurface wind speed and direction; precipitation; upper-air temperature; upper-air wind speed anddirection; water vapour; cloud properties; Earth radiation budget (including solar irradiance); carbondioxide; methane and other long-lived greenhouse gases; and ozone and aerosol properties, supportedby their precursors.Sea-surface temperature; sea-surface salinity; sea level; sea state; sea ice; ocean colour.Lakes; snow cover; glaciers and ice caps; ice sheets; albedo; land cover (including vegetation type);Fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR); Leaf area index (LAI); above-groundbiomass; fire disturbance; soil moisture.( 116 ) See http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/documents/SatelliteSupplement2011Update.pdf.Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012243