Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe ... - MemoFin.fr

Indicator and data needsDirectorate‐General for Mobility and Transport(DG MOVE), and DG CLIMA) and the EEA. TheEEA member countries and other internationalorganisations provide input and are consulted ona regular basis. The TERM indicator list coversthe most important aspects of the transport andenvironment system (driving forces, pressures,state of the environment, impacts and societalresponses — the DPSIR framework). Some of theTERM indicators are relevant for climate changeadaptation, for example those addressing thetrans‐European networks. Further analysis is neededregarding how climate change impacts can bestbe integrated in these indicators and/or whetheradditional indicators are needed.Energy and environmentOne of the EEA's key activities in the field of energyis monitoring the integration of environmentalconsiderations in the energy sector ( 111 ). A set of'energy and environment indicators' is updatedand published regularly and the EEA publishes anenergy and environment report on a regular basis, aswell as assessments of the expected environmentalbenefits and pressures from different shares ofrenewable energy. The energy–environmentindicators are organised around six policy questions.Some of these indicators are relevant for climatechange adaptation, for example those addressingelectricity production by various energy sources.The EEA is presently reviewing energy indicatorsaddressing those needed in relation to the Europe2020 strategy, and particularly focusing on energyefficiency and renewable energy. Further analysis isneeded regarding how climate change impacts canbest be integrated in these indicators and/or whetheradditional indicators are needed.6.2 Observations6.2.1 Essential Climate VariablesThere are various ongoing efforts to improve climatechange-related data availability at a global level andwithin Europe.The 2009 World Climate Conference-3 (WCC-3)decided to establish a new Global Frameworkfor Climate Services (GFCS ( 112 )) to provide afull range of climate information and predictionservices for all climate-sensitive sectors in allcountries. Meeting the full observational needs ofthe GFCS would involve the substantial investmentin establishment and strengthening of nationalclimate observing networks in most countries. TheWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO) and itspartners (e.g. member countries) are working on animplementation plan and governance structure ofthe Framework.The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)is supporting the objectives of the GFCS and isintended to be a long-term, user-driven operationalsystem capable of providing the comprehensiveobservations required for:• monitoring the climate system;• detecting and attributing climate change;• assessing impacts of, and supporting adaptationto, climate variability and change;• application to national economic development;• research to improve understanding, modellingand prediction of the climate system.GCOS agreed on various monitoring principles ( 113 ).GCOS also has identified 50 ECVs (2010) that aretechnically and economically feasible for systematicobservation and that are required to support thework of the UNFCCC and the IPCC ( 114 ) (see alsoTable 6.1).The GCOS Implementation Plan (2010–2015) ( 115 )describes the path toward an integrated observingsystem that depends upon both in situ andsatellite‐based measurements. Both types ofmeasurement are regarded as vital. Total annualcosts for existing observations and infrastructurecontributing to GCOS are estimated to beUSD 5–7 billion/year while the additional annualcosts of implementing all actions in the GCOS( 111 ) See http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/energy/eea-energy-activities.( 112 ) See http://www.wmo.int/pages/gfcs/index_en.php.( 113 ) See http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php?name=ClimateMonitoringPrinciples.( 114 ) See http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php?name=EssentialClimateVariables.( 115 ) See http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-138.pdf.242 Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012