Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe ... - MemoFin.fr

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Climate impacts on environmental systems3.3.6 Lake and river iceRelevanceLake ice reduces underwater light (Leppäranta et al.,2003) and vertical mixing, that is, the exchange ofwater from different depth layers (Livingstone, 1993;Melles et al., 2007). The existence of lake ice, andthe timing of lake ice break-up, is thus of criticalecological importance, influencing for instancethe production and biodiversity of phytoplankton(Weyhenmeyer et al., 1999) and the occurrence ofwinter fish kills (Stefan et al., 2001; Jackson et al.,2007).Past trendsThe duration of ice cover in the northern hemispherehas shortened at a mean rate of 12 days per centuryover the last 150–200 years, resulting from a 5.8 daylater ice cover and a 6.5 day earlier ice break-up onaverage (Magnuson et al., 2000; EEA, 2008).ProjectionsOne recent study has simulated changes in lakeice cover throughout the Northern Hemisphere(40–75 °N) based on one global climate model drivenby the SRES A2 emission scenario. The resultsindicate an overall decrease in the duration of lakeice cover of 15–50 days across regions by 2040–2079,compared to the baseline period 1960–1999 (Dibikeet al., 2011). The ice cover of lakes in regionswhere the ice season is already short or whereice cover only occurs in cold winters is generallymore strongly affected by increasing temperaturethan that of lakes in colder regions (Weyhenmeyeret al., 2011). However, the ecological consequencesof reduced ice cover are expected to be lower inareas where ice cover normally is less frequent andecosystems thereby are adapted to less ice or ice-freeconditions.There are, however, large differences across regions.At the Hungarian section of the River Danube, thedate of first ice appearance has shifted 19–29 dayslater over the 1876–2011 period, while the date offinal ice disappearance shifted 18–23 days earlier(Takács, 2011) (see Figure 3.11a). In Lake Kallavesi,eastern Finland the freezing date has shifted 15 dayslater in 1833–2011, while the break-up date hasshifted 12 days earlier in 1822–2011 (SYKE, 2011)(see Figure 3.11b).Key messages: 3.3.6 Lake and river ice• The existence of ice cover and the timing of ice break-up influence the vertical mixing of lakes and aretherefore of critical ecological importance.• The duration of ice cover on European lakes and rivers has shortened at a mean rate of 12 days percentury over the last 150–200 years.• A further decrease in the duration of lake ice cover is projected with projected climate change.124 Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012
Climate impacts on environmental systemsFigure 3.11 Observed change in duration of lake and river ice covera)Date30 MarchDanube River, Budapest, 1876–201129 February30 January31 December01 December01 November1875/18761885/18861895/18961905/19061915/19161925/19261935/19361945/19461955/19561965/19661975/19761985/19861995/19962005/2006Freezing dateBreak-up dateb)Freezing date07 February28 January18 January08 January29 December19 December09 December29 November19 November09 NovemberLake Kallavesi, Finland, 1833–2011Break-up date18 June08 June29 May19 May09 May29 April19 April09 April30 March20 March30 November183318431853186318731883189319031913192319331943195319631973198319932003201310 MarchFreezing dateBreak-up dateNote:Ice break-up dates and freezing dates of a) Danube River, at Budapest, 1876–2011 (5-year running average) andb) Lake Kallavesi, Finland, 1833–2011.Source: a) Katalin Takács, 2012 (personal communication).b) SYKE, 2011; Kuusisto, 2012 (personal communication).Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012125
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EEA Report No 12/2012Climate change
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ContentsContentsAcknowledgements...
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ContentsMap 4.1 Change in the numbe
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ContentsList of boxesBox 1.1 The IP
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AcknowledgementsAblain, Gilles Larn
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AcknowledgementsComments from the E
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Executive summaryThe causes of the
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Technical summaryTable TS.1 Observe
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Technical summaryTable TS.1 Observe
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Technical summaryMountain areasThe
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Technical summaryTable TS.2 Key obs
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IntroductionIt should be noted that
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IntroductionBox 1.1The IPCC Fifth A
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Introduction1. develop and improve
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Introduction1.4.3 Overview of main
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IntroductionThe next generation of
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Introductionimmigration will be low
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Introduction7. projection of a clim
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IntroductionThe term risk is also i
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Changes in the climate system2 Chan
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Changes in the climate systemdammin
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Changes in the climate system2.1.4
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Changes in the climate systemSelect
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Changes in the climate systemPast t
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Changes in the climate systemEurope
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Changes in the climate systemSevera
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Changes in the climate systemMap 2.
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Vulnerability to climate changein f
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Vulnerability to climate change5.3
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Vulnerability to climate changeMap
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Vulnerability to climate changeasse
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Vulnerability to climate change5.3.
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Vulnerability to climate changeBox
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Vulnerability to climate changeMap
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Vulnerability to climate change5.5
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Vulnerability to climate changeFigu
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Vulnerability to climate changeFigu
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Vulnerability to climate changeFina
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Vulnerability to climate changefact
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Indicator and data needsA key polic
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Indicator and data needsWEI and res
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Indicator and data needsDirectorate
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Indicator and data needs6.2.2 Globa
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Abbreviations and acronyms7 Abbrevi
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Abbreviations and acronymsAcronym o
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Abbreviations and acronymsAcronym o
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Abbreviations and acronymsProject a
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Referenceset al. (2010) DEMIFER: De
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ReferencesNovember to 11 December 2
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ReferencesEEA (2011a) Mapping the i
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References19 December 2009. UNFCCC,
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ReferencesIsaksen, K., Sollid, J. L
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Referencesfür Hydrologie und Limno
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Referencescirculation models. Journ
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Referencesin Geophysics 32(4-5), 58
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ReferencesVermeer, M. and Rahmstorf
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ReferencesDevelopment. http://ec.eu
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ReferencesMooij, W. M., Hulsmann, S
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ReferencesAraújo, M. B., Thuiller,
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ReferencesPeninsula (1952-2004). Ec
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ReferencesMenzel, A., Sparks, T. H.
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ReferencesUrban, M. C., Tewksbury,
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ReferencesM., Palosuo, T., Bellamy,
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ReferencesApplied Climatology 74, 4
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Referencesepidemiologic evidence. E
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ReferencesEnvironmental Health Pers
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Referencestemperature. Epidemiology
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ReferencesEEA (2012) Annual Europea
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ReferencesChapter 5:Vulnerability t
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ReferencesSchool. http://www.jbs.ca
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European Environment AgencyClimate
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