Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe ... - MemoFin.fr

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Climate impacts on environmental systems3.2.4 Coastal erosionRelevanceCoastal erosion is the process of wearing awaymaterial from a coastal profile due to imbalance inthe supply and export of material from a certainsection. It takes place in the form of scouring inthe foot of the cliffs or dunes or at the sub-tidalforeshore. Coastal erosion takes place mainly duringstrong winds, high waves and high tides and stormsurge conditions, and results in coastline retreat andloss of land (Mangor, 2001).More than 5 million people in Europe are livingin areas at risk from coastal erosion and marineflooding (defined as being below 5 m elevation,but not further than 1 km distance from thecoastline) ( 42 ). The increasing human use of thecoastal zone has turned coastal erosion from anatural phenomenon into a problem of growingimportance for societies. Adverse impacts of coastalerosion most frequently encountered in Europe canbe grouped in three categories: 1) coastal flooding asa result of complete dune erosion, 2) underminingof sea defences associated with foreshore erosionand coastal squeeze, and 3) retreating cliffs, beachesand dunes causing loss of lands of economic andecological value (Conscience, 2010).Coastal erosion in Europe causes significanteconomic loss, ecological damage and societalproblems. Loss of property, residential andcommercial buildings, infrastructure, beach width,and valuable coastal habitat causes millions of eurosworth of economic damage each year and presentssignificant management issues. At the same timeprotection is expensive. For example, in France someEUR 20 million is spent each year on mitigationmeasures and in the Netherlands the annualbudget for sand nourishment amounts to someEUR 41 million (Marchand, 2010).Past trendsMany European coasts are endangered because theyare being affected by coastal erosion. Accordingto the Eurosion Project ( 43 ) (Eurosion, 2004),about 20 000 km of coasts faced serious impactsin 2004. Most of the impact zones (15 100 km) areactively retreating, some of them in spite of coastalprotection works (2 900 km). In addition, another4 700 km have become artificially stabilised.Figure 3.8 shows the pattern of erosion and accretionin Europe, including statistics for all Europeanseas. The largest percentage of eroding coasts isfound along the Mediterranean and North Seas. TheBaltic Sea is the only sea where the proportion ofaccumulative coasts is larger than that of erodingcoasts, mostly due to the isostatic land uplift in thenorthern parts of the Baltic. In total, ca. 15 % of theEuropean coastline was eroding, and about the samelength was accreting (almost exclusively in northernEurope); 40 % was stable, and data was missing forthe remaining 30 %. Other climate change driversthat may exacerbate erosion rates are increasedstorminess, higher waves and changes in prevalentwind and wave directions.Key messages: 3.2.4 Coastal erosion• Coastal erosion in Europe causes significant economic loss, ecological damage and societal problems.About one quarter of the European coastline for which data is available is currently eroding.• Projections for coastal erosion are not available. Future climate change, in particular rising sea levels, isexpected to accelerate coastal erosion.( 42 ) Calculation by EEA, based on the 2001 population census.( 43 ) See http://www.eurosion.org.110 Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012
Climate impacts on environmental systemsFigure 3.8Coastline dynamics in Europe-30°-20°-10°0°10° 20°30°40° 50° 60°%10060°9060°807050°6050°504040°40°302030°Canary Is. -30°30°0°Coastal erosion patterns in Europe (2004)Status of coastlineAccretionErosionStableAzores Is.40°Madeira Is. 0 500 1000 1500 Km 010°20°30°No dataOutside data coverage30°10NorthSeaMediterraneanSeaBlackSeaBalticSeaAtlanticOceanNo data Accretion Stable ErosionSource: Deduce project ( 44 ) (http://www.deduce.eu/IFS/IFS26.pdf).In some regions in Europe, coastal erosion canreach up to 2 m per year. The average annual rateof erosion at the Holderness Coast in north-eastEngland is around 2 m per year (Sistermans andNieuwenhuis, 2004). Erosion rates of more than 2 mper year during the period 1991–2001 were observedat Forte Novo in the central Algarve in Portugal(Andrade et al., 2001).ProjectionsCoastal erosion will be increased by climate change.Sea-level rise is one of the most important drivers foraccelerated erosion because it implies an increase insediment demand, as retreating coastline and highersea levels will raise extreme water levels, allow wavesto break nearer to the coast and transmit more waveenergy to the shoreline. Other climate change driversthat may exacerbate erosion rates are increasedstorminess, higher waves and changes in prevalentwind and waves directions (Marchand, 2010).( 44 ) See http://www.deduce.eu.Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012111
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EEA Report No 12/2012Climate change
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ContentsContentsAcknowledgements...
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ContentsMap 4.1 Change in the numbe
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ContentsList of boxesBox 1.1 The IP
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AcknowledgementsAblain, Gilles Larn
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AcknowledgementsComments from the E
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Executive summaryThe causes of the
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Technical summaryTable TS.1 Observe
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Technical summaryTable TS.1 Observe
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Technical summaryMountain areasThe
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Technical summaryTable TS.2 Key obs
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IntroductionIt should be noted that
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IntroductionBox 1.1The IPCC Fifth A
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Introduction1. develop and improve
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Introduction1.4.3 Overview of main
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IntroductionThe next generation of
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Introductionimmigration will be low
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Introduction7. projection of a clim
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IntroductionThe term risk is also i
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Changes in the climate system2 Chan
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Changes in the climate systemdammin
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Changes in the climate system2.1.4
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Changes in the climate systemSelect
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Changes in the climate systemPast t
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Vulnerability to climate changein f
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Vulnerability to climate change5.3
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Vulnerability to climate changeMap
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Vulnerability to climate changeasse
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Vulnerability to climate change5.3.
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Vulnerability to climate changeBox
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Vulnerability to climate changeMap
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Vulnerability to climate change5.5
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Vulnerability to climate changeFigu
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Vulnerability to climate changeFigu
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Vulnerability to climate changeFina
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Vulnerability to climate changefact
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Indicator and data needsA key polic
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Indicator and data needsWEI and res
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Indicator and data needsDirectorate
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Indicator and data needs6.2.2 Globa
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Abbreviations and acronyms7 Abbrevi
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Abbreviations and acronymsAcronym o
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Abbreviations and acronymsAcronym o
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Abbreviations and acronymsProject a
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Referenceset al. (2010) DEMIFER: De
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ReferencesNovember to 11 December 2
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ReferencesEEA (2011a) Mapping the i
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References19 December 2009. UNFCCC,
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ReferencesIsaksen, K., Sollid, J. L
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Referencesfür Hydrologie und Limno
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Referencescirculation models. Journ
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Referencesin Geophysics 32(4-5), 58
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ReferencesVermeer, M. and Rahmstorf
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ReferencesDevelopment. http://ec.eu
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ReferencesMooij, W. M., Hulsmann, S
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ReferencesAraújo, M. B., Thuiller,
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ReferencesPeninsula (1952-2004). Ec
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ReferencesMenzel, A., Sparks, T. H.
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ReferencesUrban, M. C., Tewksbury,
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ReferencesM., Palosuo, T., Bellamy,
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ReferencesApplied Climatology 74, 4
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Referencesepidemiologic evidence. E
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ReferencesEnvironmental Health Pers
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Referencestemperature. Epidemiology
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ReferencesEEA (2012) Annual Europea
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ReferencesChapter 5:Vulnerability t
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ReferencesSchool. http://www.jbs.ca
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European Environment AgencyClimate
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