Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe ... - MemoFin.fr

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Climate impacts on environmental systemsFigure 3.5Calanus ratio in the North SeaYear20092004199919941989198419791974Calanus helgolandicus/Calanus finmarchicus ratio0.950.90.850.80.750.70.650.60.550.50.450.40.350.30.250.20.150.10.050Annual mean number of Calanus per sample35302520151051969196401958196319681973197819831988199319982003200819592 4 6 8 10 12MonthC. helgolandicusC. finmarchicusNote: Left: Temporal and seasonal distribution of the Calanus ratio 1958–2009.Right: Change in Calanus ratio in the North Sea between 1958 and 2009.Source: Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS).100 Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012
Climate impacts on environmental systems3.2 Coastal zones3.2.1 OverviewRelevanceCoastal zones in Europe are centres of populationand economic activity. They are inhabitedby diverse ecosystems, in particular wetlandecosystems. Projected climate change, includingsea-level rise and associated changes in frequencyand/or intensity of storm surges and erosion,threaten human and natural systems at the coastsin various ways. Management of the coastal zonesneeds to consider the multiple functions of manycoastal areas, which is increasingly occurringthrough integrated coastal zone management.Adaptation policies also need to consider the fullrange of adaptation options, including measuressuch as dike building, beach nourishment,rehabilitation of coastal ecosystems, area-relatedmeasures, integrated coastal zone management,and elaboration and distribution of flood hazardand flood risk maps for costal zones according tothe Flood Risk Management Directive.Selection of indicatorsThis section presents the following indicators onthreats to the coastal zone that are sensitive toclimate change:• Global and European sea-level rise;• Storm surges.The final section presents information on coastalerosion. This information is not presented as an EEAindicator because regular updates of the underlyinginformation base cannot be expected.Another important risk in low-lying coastalregions is salt-water intrusion into freshwaterreservoirs. Salt-water intrusion can be caused byrelative sea‐level rise and by overexploitation ofgroundwater resources. It can threaten freshwatersupply, agriculture and ecosystems in coastalregions. However, current data availability isinsufficient for developing an indicator on salt-waterintrusion. Information on ecological impacts ofclimate change is not presented in this report due toa lack of data at European scale. Further informationon the economic and health risks associated withsea-level rise is presented in Section 5.5.2.Key messages: 3.2 Coastal zones• Projected sea-level rise, possible changes in the frequency and intensity of storm surges and theresulting coastal erosion are expected to have major impacts on low-lying coastal areas across Europe.• Future global mean sea-level rise in the 21st century is likely to be greater than during the20th century. It is more likely to be less than 1 m than to be more than 1 m.• Projections of changes in storms currently have high uncertainty. Increases in extreme coastal waterlevels will likely be dominated by increases in local relative mean sea level rather than by changes instorm activity in most locations.• Coastal erosion in Europe causes significant ecological damage, economic loss and other societalproblems. About one quarter of the European coastline for which data is available is currently eroding.Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012101
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EEA Report No 12/2012Climate change
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ContentsContentsAcknowledgements...
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ContentsMap 4.1 Change in the numbe
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ContentsList of boxesBox 1.1 The IP
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AcknowledgementsAblain, Gilles Larn
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AcknowledgementsComments from the E
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Executive summaryThe causes of the
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Technical summaryTable TS.1 Observe
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Technical summaryTable TS.1 Observe
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Technical summaryMountain areasThe
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Technical summaryTable TS.2 Key obs
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IntroductionIt should be noted that
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IntroductionBox 1.1The IPCC Fifth A
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Introduction1. develop and improve
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Introduction1.4.3 Overview of main
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IntroductionThe next generation of
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Introductionimmigration will be low
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Introduction7. projection of a clim
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IntroductionThe term risk is also i
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Vulnerability to climate changein f
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Vulnerability to climate change5.3
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Vulnerability to climate changeMap
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Vulnerability to climate changeasse
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Vulnerability to climate change5.3.
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Vulnerability to climate changeBox
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Vulnerability to climate changeMap
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Vulnerability to climate change5.5
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Vulnerability to climate changeFigu
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Vulnerability to climate changeFigu
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Vulnerability to climate changeFina
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Vulnerability to climate changefact
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Indicator and data needsA key polic
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Indicator and data needsWEI and res
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Indicator and data needsDirectorate
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Indicator and data needs6.2.2 Globa
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Abbreviations and acronyms7 Abbrevi
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Abbreviations and acronymsAcronym o
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Abbreviations and acronymsAcronym o
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Abbreviations and acronymsProject a
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Referenceset al. (2010) DEMIFER: De
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ReferencesNovember to 11 December 2
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ReferencesEEA (2011a) Mapping the i
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References19 December 2009. UNFCCC,
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ReferencesIsaksen, K., Sollid, J. L
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Referencesfür Hydrologie und Limno
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Referencescirculation models. Journ
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Referencesin Geophysics 32(4-5), 58
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ReferencesVermeer, M. and Rahmstorf
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ReferencesDevelopment. http://ec.eu
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ReferencesMooij, W. M., Hulsmann, S
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ReferencesAraújo, M. B., Thuiller,
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ReferencesPeninsula (1952-2004). Ec
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ReferencesMenzel, A., Sparks, T. H.
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ReferencesUrban, M. C., Tewksbury,
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ReferencesM., Palosuo, T., Bellamy,
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ReferencesApplied Climatology 74, 4
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Referencesepidemiologic evidence. E
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ReferencesEnvironmental Health Pers
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Referencestemperature. Epidemiology
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ReferencesEEA (2012) Annual Europea
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ReferencesChapter 5:Vulnerability t
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ReferencesSchool. http://www.jbs.ca
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European Environment AgencyClimate
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