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2. Executive summaryAs regards the trafficking in persons for the purpose of exploitation in theunderground labour market:- Regularisation of presence in Italy on the basis of false eligibility;- The attractiveness to consumers of goods costing less than the market pricefacilitates the exploitation of migrants in the underground labour market.As regards the trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation:- Different degrees of “consent” given by women to prostitution in Italy accordingto their ethnicities (Albanians are usually treated as sex slaves; women from theEast European countries and the Nigerian voluntary agree to work as prostitutes- though deceived by false information on the working and living conditionsthat they may expect);- Smuggling and exploitation planned in every single phase by organised andspecialised groups (total control over the process);- Well-defined and fixed routes;- Existence of three types of prostitution: prostitution in night clubs; apartmentprostitution and street prostitution. Each of these three types of prostitutiondisplays different features in regard to the extent of the control exerted overthe victims by the criminal organizations and, consequently, the extent to whichthe victims are deprived of their freedom;- Commuting prostitution. Street prostitutes are exploited in locations differentfrom those where they live in order to minimise the risk of their exploitersbeing identified;- Importance of the exploitation of apartment prostitution. This phenomenon isflourishing in central Italy and it is growing in the North and South. It is theconsequence of the need to find alternatives to exploitation in the street andentertainment venues. Although even this type of exploitation of prostitution isperpetrated with violence, coercion and threats, it more easily eludes thecontrol of the law enforcement agencies. It is difficult to prove contact betweenthe girls and their exploiters, or the assistance given to the latter by certainactors in legal society, such as estate agents and taxi drivers;- Involvement of certain “legal” actors in prostitution, such as rental agencies,taxi drivers and hotel owners;- National and international mobility of prostitutes working in night clubs andapartments and their exchange among criminal groups in order to facilitate thatmobility;- Use of expedients by organised crime in order to disguise the exploitation (e.g.stay permits issued for “work secondments” (distacco lavorativo), deductionfrom wages of the hours spent with clients by dancers/ hostesses);- Use of forged nationality documents for victims;- Frequent cases of bribery of foreign public officials, whilst cases of bribery ofItalian officers are rare (see the case at the Italian Embassy in Nigeria).As regards the smuggling of migrants:- Existence of weak points along the Italian borders, which due to theirextensiveness cannot be properly patrolled;- Presence of alternative access routes (by air, sea or land);- Bribery of foreign public officials in regard to either the issue of visas and otherdocuments to leave the home country and to cross borders. Italian public andfrontier police officers were involved as well, though only to a limited extent.- Use of false, forged or stolen passports often for nationalities that do notrequire visas to enter Italy;- ‘Illicit expatriation’. Italy seems to be increasing a country of transit to otherdestinations;15