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12. The results of the interviews conducted with the most active prosecutor’s offices: the phenomenon and its prevention12.THE RESULTS OF THE INTERVIEWS CONDUCTED WITH WTHE TMOST ACTIVE PROSECUTORCUTOR’S OFFICES: THEPHENOMENON AND ITS PREVENTIONPThe mapping of ongoing proceedings at the prosecutor’s offices (see chapter 12)enabled the Scientific Committee of the research project to select the fifteenprosecutor’s offices most active in the fight against trafficking in persons for thepurpose of exploitation and the smuggling of migrants. These were theprosecutor’s offices of: Arezzo, Ascoli Piceno, Brescia, Brindisi, Crotone, Genoa,Gorizia, Lecce, Milan, Palermo, Perugia, Rome, Tolmezzo, Turin, Trieste.The most experienced prosecutors were identified in each prosecutor’s office onconsultation with the person in charge of that office. These prosecutors wereinterviewed using a semi-structured survey instrument (see Annex B). Thequestionnaire divided into two parts: the first covered the phenomenon in itself andits prevention; the second dealt with judicial activity.This chapter reports the replies given by the prosecutors to the first part of thequestionnaire (the phenomenon and its prevention). The information furnishedrefers to judicial proceedings – as regards the pre-trial investigation phase and thetrial phase, or proceedings adjudicated with a conviction – brought by theprosecutor’s offices between 1996 and 2002.The fifteen most active prosecutor’s offices were located in crucial areas of thenational territory, viz.:1. along land and maritime borders. Friuli Venezia Giulia and Puglia are theregions most affected by the phenomenon, the former with the prosecutor’soffices of Gorizia, Tolmezzo and Trieste, the latter with those of Brindisi andLecce;2. in cities with large railway stations, airports or other communications hubs(also for travel abroad). In the North these prosecutor’s offices were those ofGenoa, Turin, Milan, and Brescia; in the Centre that of Rome; and in the Souththe prosecutor’s office of Palermo;3. in small towns located in the central regions whose economies are based ontourism and small-to-medium sized industry in the footwear and leather goodssectors, these being activities that potentially generate demand for illegalservices. The prosecutor’s offices concerned were those of Perugia, Arezzo andAscoli Piceno.The aim of the interviewers was to acquire updated information on traffickers forexploitation and migrant smugglers which was comparable among the variousItalian regions. The focus was on the operational features of the criminal activitiesin question and on the characteristics of the perpetrators and victims, the intentionbeing to improve prevention of these offences on the basis of the knowledgeacquired and the suggestions made by the prosecutors. Understanding the modusoperandi of organised crime – and especially the resources and opportunities that itexploits, as well as the vulnerabilities of the institutions and the victims concerned155
12. The results of the interviews conducted with the most active prosecutor’s offices: the phenomenon and its prevention– enables the development of effective preventative measures: this being the socalled‘knowing in order to prevent’ approach. 254The participation of the prosecutors and the help provided by officials of thejudicial police operating at the prosecutor’s offices guaranteed the quality of theresults obtained.It should be pointed out that, despite similarities in the methods used to enter thecountry in the case of both trafficking and smuggling, it was decided to conductseparate analyses of the two criminal activities. This twofold approach replicatesthe scheme of the interviews conducted with the prosecutors, and it ensures thatthe information supplied is reported accurately.The first feature that emerges from the results of the interviews is that eachprosecutor’s office is mainly concerned with just one of the two illicit activities.Thus, for example, the prosecutor’s offices of Trieste, Gorizia and Crotone almostexclusively bring proceedings for the smuggling of migrants, while Brescia, Perugia,Arezzo and Ascoli Piceno do so for trafficking for the purpose of exploitation. Thisprevalence of one criminal activity over the other in the judicial workload appears todepend on location and the economic resources available in the prosecuting office’sdistrict. There is consequently a connection between trafficking and smuggling andthe geographic, social and economic context.What are the characteristics of the illicit phenomena in question, of theirperpetrators and of the victims? What operational methods were used by thecriminal groups involved in the trafficking and the smuggling? What kind ofinformation supplied by the prosecutor yields, if systemised, a nationwide overviewof the offences and enables effective strategies for their prevention to be devised?What, in particular, were the suggestions made by the prosecutor as regardsprevention? The following sections seek to answer these questions, distinguishingas it does so between trafficking and smuggling.12.1 I12.1 INFORMATION ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FOR THE PURPOSE OF EXPLOITATIONThe prosecutor’s offices interviewed which had investigated cases of trafficking forthe purpose of exploitation were Turin, Genoa, Brescia, Milan, Ascoli Piceno,Perugia, Arezzo, Rome, Lecce, Brindisi and Palermo. By contrast, almost noinformation on this phenomenon was forthcoming from prosecutor office’s locatedalong national borders. 255 This is not to imply that there were no cases oftrafficking for the purpose of exploitation, especially sexual exploitation, in thoseareas; rather, that the territorial competence of these prosecutor’s officescomprises only the illegal crossing of national borders and not exploitation, which,254 D.B. Cornish, R.V. Clarke, "Analysing Organised Crime", in A. R. Piquero, S. G. Tibbetts (eds.), RationalChoice and Criminal Behaviour, Routledge Press, New York, pp. 41-63; A. Di Nicola, “Trafficking in Womenfor the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation: Knowledge-based Preventative Strategies from Italy”, in M. Gill (ed.),Managing Security. Crime at Work. Volume 3, Perpetuity Press, Leicester, 2003.255 In particular Trieste, Gorizia, Tolmezzo and Crotone.156
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TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS ANDSMUGGLING
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Table of contentsTABLE OF CONTENTS1
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Table of contents10.4 Assistance an
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Table of contents13.1.5 Atypical in
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1. Acknowledgementsthe interviews w
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2. Executive summary2.EXECUTIVE SUM
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2. Executive summaryDuring phase V,
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2. Executive summaryAs regards the
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2. Executive summaryIncidente proba
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2. Executive summary- Establish the
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2. Executive summaryUpdate to the r
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3. IntroductionThe need for reliabl
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3. Introductionpersons and on the s
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4. Goal, objectives and phases of t
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5. Operational definitions5.OPERATI
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5. Operational definitionsany provi
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5. Operational definitions5.3 T5.3
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6. The United Nations Convention ag
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7. The European Union regulations7.
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7. The European Union regulationsEa
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7. The European Union regulations-
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7. The European Union regulationsth
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7. The European Union regulationsb)
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7. The European Union regulationspe
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7. The European Union regulationsTh
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7. The European Union regulationsap
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7. The European Union regulationsOn
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7. The European Union regulations-
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8. Trafficking and smuggling in Eur
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9. Trafficking and smuggling in Ita
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9. Trafficking and smuggling in Ita
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10. Italian legislation and judicia
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13. The results of the interviews c
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14. Conclusions14.CONCLUSIONSThis r
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14. Conclusionswithin forty-eight h
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14. Conclusions- Increase European
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14. Conclusions- Provide social sup
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ANNEXASURVEY ON CASES OF PEOPLETRAF
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Annex AData related to the case:Cas
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Annex AQuantity and nationality of
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Annex ANumber of persons for whom o
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Annex BINDEXFIRST PART - THE PHENOM
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Annex B1.1 Smuggling of migrants (t
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Annex B13. How much do the migrants
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Annex B2.2 The perpetrators of traf
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Annex Bmeasures, tailing, infiltrat
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Annex B45. What kind of internation
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