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Routh, Francis, Early English organ music from the Middle Ages to 1837 (London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1973). ______ programme notes to a concert by the Oxford Student Chorus (2002) http://www.oschorus.org.uk/oschorus/confitebor/. Routley, Erik, The musical Wesleys (London: Herbert Jenkins, 1968). Rubbra, Edmund, Counterpoint: a survey (London: Hutchinson, 1960). Rummenholler, Peter, ‘Wilhelm Friedemann Bach und seine Zeit’, Concerto 4 (1984), 31-34. Rumph, Stephen, ‘A kingdom not of this world’, 19th-century Music 19/1 (Summer 1995), 50-67. Sadek, Amal Ahmed Mokhtar, ‘The nature of flexibility of musical closure’, Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education 119 (Winter 1993-1994), 122- 126. Sadie, Stanley, ‘Mozart, Bach, and counterpoint’, Musical Times 105/1451 (January 1964), 23-24. Said, Edward, ‘Thoughts on late style’, London Review of Books 26/15 (5 August 2004); at http://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n15/said01_.html (accessed 26 October 2006). Salzer, Felix, Structural hearing: tonal coherence in music, (New York: Dover, 1962). Samson, Jim, ‘Analysis in context’, Rethinking music, ed. N. Cook and M. Everist (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp.34-54. ______ and Zon, Bennett, eds., Nineteenth-century British music studies (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999). Sandberger, Adolf, ‘Zur Geschichte des Haydn’schen Streichquartetts’, Altbayerische Monatsschrift 2 (1900), 41-64. Satyendra, Ramon, ‘Liszt’s open structures and the Romantic fragment’, Music Theory Spectrum 19/2 (Fall 1997), 184-205. Schenk, Erich, ‘Beethovens ‘Erste’—eine B-A-C-H-Symphonie’, Neues Beethoven- 450
Jahrbuch 8 (1938), 162-72. Scherer, Frederic M., ‘Servility, opportunity, and freedom in the choice of music composition as a profession’, Musical Quarterly 85/4 (Winter 2001), 718-734. Schmid, Manfred Hermann, Mozart und die Salzburger Tradition, 2 vols. (Tutzing: Schneider, 1976). ______ ‘Bildintentionen in Mozarts c-Moll-Messe’, Acta Mozartiana 42/1 (Mar 1995) 2-12. ______ ‘Das “Lacrimosa” in Mozarts Requiem’, Mozart Studien 7 (1997), 115-141. Scholes, Percy, The mirror of music, 2 vols. (London: Novello and Oxford University Press, 1947). ______ Oxford companion to music, 10th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970). Schonberg, Harold C., The great pianists (London: Gollancz, 1963). Schulenberg, David, ‘Composition as variation: inquiries into the compositional procedures of the Bach circle of composers’, Current Musicology 33 (1982), 57- 87. ______ The keyboard music of J. S. Bach (New York: Schirmer, 1992). ______ ‘Composition and improvisation in the school of J. S. Bach’, Bach Perspectives 1 (1995) 1-42. Schuler, Manfred, ‘Mozarts Requiem in der Tradition gattungsgeschichtlicher Topoi’, Studien zur Musikgeschichte: Eine Festschrift für Ludwig Finscher (Kassel: Bärenreiter, 1995), pp. 317-327. Schultze, Hans-Joachim, ‘“Fliessende Leichtigkeit” und “arbeitsame Vollstimmigkeit”: Georg Philipp Telemann und die Musikerfamilie Bach’, Telemann und seine Freunde, ed. Walther Siegmund-Schultze, 2 vols. (Magdeburg, 1986) vol. I, pp.34-40. Schumann, Robert, The musical world of Robert Schumann, tr. and ed. H. Pleasants (London: Gollancz, 1965). 451
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WRESTLING WITH THE GERMAN DEVIL: FI
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ABSTRACT ‘After’ can be taken b
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many peo
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INTRODUCTION ‘Every hearer enjoys
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esponse was: ‘the fugue is no lon
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instrumental fugues of Joseph Haydn
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world of their own. The study concl
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facts and the ‘soft technology’
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DEFINING FUGUE But what are they? W
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elow). For how many voices or parts
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indeed a complete counter-expositio
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on two pitches throughout, tonic an
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already become the historicising na
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Catholic tradition, but Albrechtsbe
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the texture as a whole coincides in
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kind experimentalism of Samuel Wesl
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The clearest sign of things to come
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Perhaps a clue can be found in the
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CHAPTER 1 THE CIRCLE OF J. S. BACH
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FINE DISTINCTIONS (1): MISATTRIBUTE
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sounding object, nothing has change
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Mendelssohn, Schumann, Spitta, Wido
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pieces are known from a single copy
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very good; and the ends of both mov
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ever, could have written it?’ 23
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incorrectly prepared suspended four
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has a number of doubtful features.
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einforces them. Its texture is impo
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of thinking over long spans.’ 44
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W. F. Bach and Krebs have always en
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the equitable distribution of his e
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slender volumes, including many pie
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In style (there is no particular th
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and it is the least comfortable bit
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voices inverted, and serve the purp
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each line in a polyphonic texture a
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If its general type is old, however
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thematic material. The subject coul
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Karl Geiringer makes an almost emba
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prolix F minor fugue, the expressiv
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Kittel, and Krebs himself. 76 Inevi
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[that] a keyboard composer can and
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Ex.1.12b shows the start of a fugue
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Egypt) did not prevent him from bei
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The very slow harmonic rhythm, howe
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If not inimitably characteristic, t
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As we saw in the first part of this
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subject is also expansive; it too c
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to expand and elaborate the surface
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The significance of this sort of st
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By the time the halfway point is re
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‘originality’—of historical p
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to follow in his father’s footste
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CHAPTER 2 J. S. BACH IN LONDON: CON
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of the mark. 4 Handel’s influence
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that would perpetuate his oratorios
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—also remained strongly Handelian
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118
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in the Overture to Alcina (1735). A
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Root-movement is quite unpredictabl
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124
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Superficially they have much in com
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situations; but his influence outla
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130
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ounded too closely by early Methodi
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At first the real focus of attentio
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surprisingly grammatical, confirmin
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138
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the subject (where again he seems n
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in Bath) recommended that Charles
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have, to a head-injury sustained in
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146
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The ending is rather curious: he re
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hectic week, he could choose betwee
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152
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even have had an informal agreement
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Unlike Handel, however, there no tu
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Throughout the nineteenth century t
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Here, however (especially once the
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162
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published separately over the next
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166
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Likewise does the fugue subject of
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A little more Bach can be seen, per
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attitudes were representative, or e
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consciously parodying his Methodist
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his nature to be exclusive about an
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elieve) in German, the compleatly w
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no other way one could hear operas,
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a stretto treatment (at one minim
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have had a rich Treat in chewing th
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admirable Musick might be played in
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At this point one might have expect
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This is soon accompanied by quaver
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The C minor entry in b.50 destabili
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WESLEY’S LAST YEARS During this p
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Wilhelm Friedemann (see chapter 1).
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describes it well: ‘The concertan
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with sixteen-part orchestra’ (Car
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would be of interest to a budding c
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wrestling with the problem of integ
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Clearly, Haydn is letting fugal thi
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By contrast, the fugue which closes
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unknown in any other Haydn fugue (a
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around b.54, homophonic quaver figu
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very little to it, which is of cour
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When Haydn wrote string quartets, t
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place, socially and musically; and
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of the minuet, both here and in man
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The distinction that Kirkendale dre
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variety of keys as well: not just I
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detail. As far as the tastes of Pri
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constructed in an entirely new mann
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Note the extent to which Haydn’s
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A clear example of this can be seen
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Haydn would write only one more fug
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At any rate, the effect of later ei
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appears not wholly to satisfy Kirke
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Junker and others were neither part
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sentimental’ (c.1814?), Haydn’s
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intensity of the debate? This is ho
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is an almost perfect instrument for
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CHAPTER 4 MOZART, FINISHED AND UNFI
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as such—at times even creating th
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thought and practice until very rec
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sonata movement sets up certain exp
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organ music: from the death of J. S
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(to us) the direct influence of J.
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and back without a sign that anythi
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is not necessarily at variance with
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conclusion is not perfectly in acco
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there can be no doubt that Mozart,
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to enclose your letter to me?’ 35
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The Dean was in a state of great ex
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‘passive’ voices; Ex.4.5 shows
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274
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276
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against itself, augmented and inver
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Andante also found favour, but part
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enewed application to this task. Wh
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for a child of twelve. The subject
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These masses mark the two poles of
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After this exposition the cadential
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is a much less dramatic tale, of ca
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happened, on October 26 1783 at Ben
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the voices. There is a single expos
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ascending, descending (or both), st
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298
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(apart from particella for wind and
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up to Mozart’s standard, the melo
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weight than Süssmayr’s say-so. B
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crisis [Lebenskrise] from which, in
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all, please few with counterpoint a
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of much that was excellent’. 3 In
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continually surpass his own creativ
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This ethical approach to music, so
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Like Mozart, Beethoven was a great
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There are a few reasonably complete
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It is, in part, a question of autho
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voice ‘Parthie’, an oboe concer
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although it is in a different key;
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which had such a similar subject (E
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328
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his early life is there a single re
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‘Metaphorically, Beethoven was al
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On the other hand, whilst there is
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of a sort that has if anything tend
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To thus posit ‘lateness’ about
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historical development; 61 all thes
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These critics were not necessarily
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could anyone have expected that Bee
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hear it more often. Well, once more
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development came the flood of ‘mu
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Sometimes, it is just noise, in the
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At times, so eccentric are his text
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eighteenth century; and however muc
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Carpani; from the time he entered E
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His opp.1bis, 5, and 6, however, (p
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360
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nineteenth century—the style of H
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364
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movement. There is no danger of irr
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time, whereas the glory of many a B
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On the other hand, the tonal range
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It is with some surprise that we he
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A canon at the fourth below, ‘we
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Clementi. In this respect the issue
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turns out to be none other than our
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None of these, in any case, remotel
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traditional form.’ 125 Weber expr
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Arioso into the rest of the movemen
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eturned by b.248. On the other hand
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grise, it nevertheless exerts consi
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century fugal writing more satisfac
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CONCLUSION ‘Like most other disci
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from Fux to Haydn to Bruckner was n
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were written for the organ. 7 While
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prelude/fugue pair. Perhaps rather
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Page 402 and 403: Baroque, but did so subtly, without
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Page 406 and 407: eauty with ‘an excess of art.’
Page 408 and 409: (op.35/1) is a model of textural co
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Page 412 and 413: inhospitable to fugue.’ 30 To the
Page 414 and 415: W. F. Bach, Fugue in F minor BRA 88
Page 416 and 417: Exx.2.11-13 S. Wesley, ‘4 Fugues
Page 418 and 419: Chapter 4 Mozart, finished and unfi
Page 420 and 421: ed. Joseph Joachim and Andreas Mose
Page 422 and 423: BIBLIOGRAPHY [anon.] ‘The organ r
Page 424 and 425: Beethoven, Ludwig van, The letters
Page 426 and 427: Brown, Clive, ‘Perspectives on Be
Page 428 and 429: ______ Beethoven (Oxford: Oxford Un
Page 430 and 431: zu Köln 1998, 315-321. ______ and
Page 432 and 433: Fisk, Josiah, ‘Classical music an
Page 434 and 435: ______ ‘The “Grosse Fuge”: an
Page 436 and 437: 1967). Horowitz, Joseph, ‘Mozart
Page 438 and 439: ______ Fugue and fugato in Rococo a
Page 440 and 441: und ihrer frühen Rezeption’, Arc
Page 442 and 443: (1991). MacArdle, Donald W., ‘Bee
Page 444 and 445: contrappunto sopra il canto fermo (
Page 446 and 447: Nicolosi, Robert, T. S. Eliot and m
Page 448 and 449: ______ Double counterpoint and cano
Page 452 and 453: Schwarz, John I. jr, ‘Samuel and
Page 454 and 455: ______ ‘Beethoven’s ninth symph
Page 456 and 457: Record, 90 (1960), 163-74. ______
Page 458 and 459: and Baroque’, Church, stage, and
Page 460 and 461: Winter, Robert S., ‘Of realizatio
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