David Peat

Quantum Uncertainty 25When the physicist and philosopher Bernard D’Espagnat spoke ofthe subatomic world as a “veiled reality” he was implying that somethingreal must exist beyond the veil. Again Bohr cautions us againstsuch ideas. We cannot even begin to discuss what lies beyond such aveil, or even that there is a “something” beyond the veil that could besaid to have existence. Maybe, in the last analysis, there is no quantumreality. Maybe quantum reality exists only as a concept in our ownminds.And thus we are left with a mystery. Maybe there are no foundationsto our world. Maybe there is no final goal toward which sciencecan aim itself. Maybe notions of “existence” and “fundamental levels”are so ephemeral that they will vanish at our touch.Something analogous occurred with the philosophical movementknown as “the death of God,” which has its roots in the writings ofNietzsche. Rather than denying the existence of God, it argued thatthe human construct, the “idea” of God, the human concept of thedivine, had died. In its place that which remains lies beyond the limitsFor 200 years Newton’s physics was sufficient to describe the world—in caseafter case, it explained the phenomena of nature. It was only with more refined experimentsat the end of the nineteenth century that physicists began to detect discrepanciesin Newton’s laws and so entered the world of quantum theory. But, asBohm pointed out, quantum theory is really only needed when one deals with extremelysmall distances and time intervals or very high energies. For the rest of experiencewe need no more than classical (that is, Newtonian) physics. This means thatour everyday world is extremely insensitive to what is going on beneath it at theatomic level, which is so effectively hidden from ordinary experience that it took 200years of science to detect it.But what if another level lies beneath quantum theory? It could take decadesupon decades of careful science before such a hidden level is detected. And what ifbeneath that level there is another, and so on, in perpetuity? Maybe reality is infinitein its subtleties, and science will only be able to penetrate a small distance through itssurface. Bohm’s vision was of a science that goes on without limit. Yet at each step thenext secret becomes harder and harder to uncover until science itself gives up inexhaustion.Bohr argued, however, that our ability to enter into some “ultimate reality” ofthe quantum is doomed to ambiguity and confusion. Even Bohm’s concepts of levelsand ideas as fundamental and ultimate are all human-scaled images. They are based,for example, on architectural metaphors. The very moment we open our mouths toask such questions we prejudice our investigation.