Plane Geometry - Bruce E. Shapiro

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260 SECTION 45. EUCLIDEAN CONSTRUCTIONSFigure 45.10: Construction of a tangent line to a circle, drawn through apoint that is outside the circle (construction 45.9).Figure 45.11: Construction of a rational number (construction ).SegmentUV has length q/p.Theorem 45.18 (Mohr-Mascheroni Theorem) All constructions thatcan be performed with the straight-edge and compass can be performedwith the compass alone.Theorem 45.19 (Paper Folding Theorem) All constructions that canbe performed with a straight-edge and compass can be performed by foldingand creasing paper.The following result tells us that the following regular polygons are constructible:those with 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 20, 24 sides, amongTheorem 45.20 (Polygon Construction, Gauss) A regular polygoncan be inscribed in a circle by means of a straightedge and a compass ifand only if the number of sides can be written asn = 2 x p 1 p 2 ...p k« CC BY-NC-ND 3.0. Revised: 18 Nov 2012
SECTION 45. EUCLIDEAN CONSTRUCTIONS 261Figure 45.12: Construction of a square root (construction 45.12).c 2 = a, where c = BD and a = AB.Herewhere x is a non-negative integer and each p i is a Fermat number. 44 A Fermat number is a number of the form F n = 2 2n + 1 for some non-negative integer.The first five Fermat numbers are 3, 5, 17, 257, and 65,537, and 4,294,967,297.Revised: 18 Nov 2012 « CC BY-NC-ND 3.0.
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Foundations of GeometryLecture Note
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ivCONTENTS30 Triangles in Neutral G
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2 SECTION 1. PREFACEare enrolled in
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4 SECTION 1. PREFACEre-learning it
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6 SECTION 2. NCTM3. To guide in the
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8 SECTION 2. NCTMTechnology. Techno
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10 SECTION 2. NCTM« CC BY-NC-ND 3.
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12 SECTION 3. CA STANDARDIn 2005 Ca
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14 SECTION 3. CA STANDARDThe Califo
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16 SECTION 3. CA STANDARDCalifornia
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18 SECTION 4. COMMON COREAt all lev
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20 SECTION 5. LOGIC AND PROOFour th
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22 SECTION 5. LOGIC AND PROOFRene D
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24 SECTION 5. LOGIC AND PROOF“I
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26 SECTION 6. REAL NUMBERSThe inter
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28 SECTION 6. REAL NUMBERS“The Su
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30 SECTION 7. EUCLID’S ELEMENTSEu
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32 SECTION 7. EUCLID’S ELEMENTSFi
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34 SECTION 8. HILBERT’S AXIOMSiom
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36 SECTION 8. HILBERT’S AXIOMS«
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38 SECTION 9. BIRKHOFF/MACLANE AXIO
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40 SECTION 9. BIRKHOFF/MACLANE AXIO
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42 SECTION 10. THE SMSG AXIOMSP is
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44 SECTION 10. THE SMSG AXIOMS« CC
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46 SECTION 11. THE UCSMP AXIOMSin s
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48 SECTION 11. THE UCSMP AXIOMS« C
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50 SECTION 12. VENEMA’S AXIOMS3.
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52 SECTION 12. VENEMA’S AXIOMS«
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54 SECTION 13. INCIDENCE GEOMETRYFi
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56 SECTION 13. INCIDENCE GEOMETRYEx
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58 SECTION 13. INCIDENCE GEOMETRYFi
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60 SECTION 13. INCIDENCE GEOMETRY«
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62 SECTION 14. BETWEENNESSFigure 14
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64 SECTION 14. BETWEENNESSTheorem 1
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66 SECTION 14. BETWEENNESS(a) To sh
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68 SECTION 14. BETWEENNESSThe follo
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70 SECTION 14. BETWEENNESSExample 1
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72 SECTION 14. BETWEENNESSorf(A) >
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74 SECTION 14. BETWEENNESS« CC BY-
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76 SECTION 15. THE PLANE SEPARATION
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78 SECTION 15. THE PLANE SEPARATION
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80 SECTION 16. ANGLESFigure 16.1: T
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82 SECTION 16. ANGLESCorollary 16.6
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84 SECTION 16. ANGLESFigure 16.6: I
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86 SECTION 16. ANGLESD cannot be in
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88 SECTION 17. THE CROSSBAR THEOREM
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90 SECTION 17. THE CROSSBAR THEOREM
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92 SECTION 18. LINEAR PAIRSFigure 1
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94 SECTION 18. LINEAR PAIRSγ + ∠
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96 SECTION 19. ANGLE BISECTORSwith
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98 SECTION 19. ANGLE BISECTORSAngle
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100 SECTION 20. THE CONTINUITY AXIO
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102 SECTION 20. THE CONTINUITY AXIO
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104 SECTION 21. SIDE-ANGLE-SIDEBirk
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106 SECTION 21. SIDE-ANGLE-SIDEFigu
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108 SECTION 22. NEUTRAL GEOMETRYEll
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110 SECTION 22. NEUTRAL GEOMETRY«
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112 SECTION 23. ANGLE-SIDE-ANGLEFig
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114 SECTION 23. ANGLE-SIDE-ANGLE«
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116 SECTION 24. EXTERIOR ANGLESTheo
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118 SECTION 24. EXTERIOR ANGLES« C
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120 SECTION 25. ANGLE-ANGLE-SIDEBy
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122 SECTION 26. SIDE-SIDE-SIDECase
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124 SECTION 26. SIDE-SIDE-SIDEBy si
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126 SECTION 27. SCALENE AND TRIANGL
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128 SECTION 27. SCALENE AND TRIANGL
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130 SECTION 28. CHARACTERIZATION OF
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132 SECTION 28. CHARACTERIZATION OF
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134 SECTION 29. TRANSVERSALSFigure
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136 SECTION 29. TRANSVERSALSCorolla
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138 SECTION 30. TRIANGLES IN NEUTRA
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146 SECTION 31. QUADRILATERALS IN N
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156 SECTION 32. THE EUCLIDEAN PARAL
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168 SECTION 33. RECTANGLESLemma 33.
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170 SECTION 33. RECTANGLESFigure 33
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172 SECTION 33. RECTANGLES« CC BY-
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174 SECTION 34. THE PARALLEL PROJEC
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176 SECTION 34. THE PARALLEL PROJEC
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178 SECTION 35. SIMILAR TRIANGLESBy
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180 SECTION 35. SIMILAR TRIANGLESCo
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182 SECTION 36. TRIANGLE CENTERSFig
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184 SECTION 36. TRIANGLE CENTERSThe
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186 SECTION 36. TRIANGLE CENTERSCen
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188 SECTION 37. AREADefinition 37.5
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190 SECTION 37. AREAToday’s Lesso
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192 SECTION 38. THE PYTHAGOREAN THE
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202 SECTION 39. CIRCLESFigure 39.1:
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208 SECTION 39. CIRCLESTheorem 39.1
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Page 256 and 257: 252 SECTION 45. EUCLIDEAN CONSTRUCT
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Page 280 and 281: 276 SECTION 48. PARALLEL LINES IN H
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Page 302 and 303: 298 SECTION 51. THE POINCARE DISK M
Page 310 and 311: 306 SECTION 52. ARC LENGTHAs we see
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310 SECTION 52. ARC LENGTHThus the
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312 SECTION 52. ARC LENGTHMeasuring
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314 SECTION 53. SPHERICAL GEOMETRYW
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316 SECTION 53. SPHERICAL GEOMETRYF
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318 SECTION 53. SPHERICAL GEOMETRYP
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320 APPENDIX A. SYMBOLS USEDAppendi
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322 APPENDIX A. SYMBOLS USEDTechnol
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Plane Geometry - Bruce E. Shapiro

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