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References:Jason Mark. “Zeroing out Pollution:The Promise of Fuel Cells.”Union of Concerned Scientists,1996.Daniel Sperling . “A New Agenda,”ACCESS, Number 11, Universityof California TransportationCenter, Fall 1997.Reinhold Wurster. “PEM Fuel Cellsin Stationary and Mobile Applications.”Electric and LightingIndustry Biennial, Buenos Aries,September, 1997.W. Wayt Gibbs. “Transportation’sPerennial Problems.” ScientificAmerican. Oct. 1977.Toward a Sustainable Future:“Addressing the Long-TermEffects of Motor VehicleTransportation on Climate andEcology.” TransportationResearch Board: NationalResearch Council, NationalAcademy Press, 1997.James J. MacKenzie. “Driving theRoad to Sustainable GroundTransportation.” WorldResources Institute. “Frontiersof Sustainability:Environmentally SoundAgriculture, Forestry,Transportation, and PowerProduction.” Island Press,1997.“Cars and Trucks and GlobalWarming.” Union of ConcernedScientists, N.D.M. Kerr. “The Next Oil Crisis LoomsLarge — and Perhaps Close.”Science. August 21, 1998.Resources:President’s Council on SustainableDevelopment http://www.whitehouse.gov/PCSD/Rocky Mountain Institute http://www.rmi.orgCalifornia Air Resources Boardhttp://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htmThe Science of Global Climate ChangeThe regulating factor for global climate change depends on a fundamental principle, theFirst Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy.Mathematically this can be represented as follows:Based on these scenarios, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changehas concluded that the increase in greenhouse gases may be expected tocause a rise in the global average temperature of between 1°C and 3.5°C inthe 21st century.In 1997, global carbon emissions amounted to more than six billiontons — more than a ton for every human being on the planet.1998 was the warmest year on record, and no one is absolutely certain whatthese temperature increases will do — changes in precipitation, extremeweather, and sea level rise are all possible. The climate modeling andresulting scientific conclusions are not universally accepted because climatecodes have difficulties simulating such events. The picture is far from clear,but it appears that climate is driven by a variety of forcing mechanisms —and anthropogenic forcing must be placed within the total context thatincludes the long-term variations of the earth’s orbit, solar variability, andthe natural cycles of nature. However, as all of these data are taken intoaccount, evidence is increasing that the climate model predictions cannot betoo far wrong and that we are warming the Earth. Compelling societalimplications place even more significance on prudent policy directions.InstrumentalTemperature Recordfrom 1860 – 1999indicates a globalwarming over thepast century, withmany peaks and valleyssuggesting thenatural year-to-yearvariability of climate.(Courtesy: HadleyCentre for ClimatePrediction& Research)dQ = dU – dWwhere dQ = heat added to the system, dU = change in the internal energy of the system, anddW = work extracted. Energy cannot be gained or lost in a stable system; it can only changeforms. Such a system is said to follow an “Energy Balance Model.” To maintain stability,the Earth-ocean-atmosphere system absorbs energy from the Sun, radiates it in the form ofinfrared (heat) energy, and transports it in the form of both latent heat and sensible heatflux. Several natural events (volcanic eruptions, forest fires, fluctuating intensity of solarradiation, varying cloud cover, and others) and human activities (fuel combustion, aerosolproduction, and industrial and land use practices that release or remove heat-trappinggreenhouse gases, and others) can affect the balance between absorption and emissionof radiation.Change in temperature (degrees C)1.000.900.800.700.600.500.400.300.200.100.00-0.10-0.20-0.3018401860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000Global surface temperatures, 1860 - 1999This document, and more, is available for download at Martin's Marine Engineering Page - www.dieselduck.net