Fuel Cells - Green Power - Martin's Marine Engineering Page

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References:Natural Gas Fuel Cells, FederalTechnology Alert, Federal EnergyManagement Program. U.S.Department of Energy,November 1995.J.L. Preston, J.C. Trocciola, and R.J.Spiegel. “Utilization and Control ofLandfill Methane by Fuel Cells”presented at U.S. EPA GreenhouseGas Emissions & MitigationResearch Symposium, June 27-29,1995, Washington, D.C.G.D. Rambach and J.D. Snyder. AnExamination of the CriteriaNecessary for Successful WorldwideDeployment of Isolated, RenewableHydrogen Stationary PowerSystems. XII World HydrogenEnergy Conference, Buenos Aires,June, 1998.Keith Kozloff, “Power to Choose.”Frontiers of Sustainability. WorldResources Institute, Island Press,1997.The world's first prototype polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (on theright) used to provide all residential power needs for a home in Latham,New York. This 7kW unit is attached to a power conditioner/storage unitthat stores excess electricity. (Courtesy: Plug Power)Resources:Federal Energy Technology Centerhttp://www.fetc.doe.gov/World Fuel Cell Councilhttp://members.aol.com/fuelcells/Michael Corbett. Opportunities inAdvanced Fuel Cell Technologies:Volume One, Stationary PowerGeneration 1998 – 2009, Kline &Co., Inc. Fairfield, N.J. August,1998.A laptop computer using a fuel cell power source can operate for up to 20 hourson a single charge of fuel. (Courtesy: Ballard Power Systems)Definitions:Quad: A unit of heat energy, equal to10 15 British thermal units.This document, and more, is available for download at Martin's Marine Engineering Page - www.dieselduck.net
PotentialApplicationsfor Fuel CellsFuel cells were developed for and have long been used in the space programto provide electricity and drinking water for the astronauts. Terrestrialapplications can be classified into categories of transportation, stationary orportable power uses.4 Times Square in New York City is one of thefirst office buildings in the U.S. to be poweredby a 200 kW phosphoric acid fuel cell system(Courtesy: International Fuel Cells)Fuel cells are becoming analternative choice for ruralenergy needs• In places where there are noexisting power grids• Where power supply is oftenunreliable• In remote locations that arenot accessible to power linesPolymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are well suited to transportationapplications because they provide a continuous electrical energy supply fromfuel at high levels of efficiency and power density. They also offer theadvantage of minimal maintenance because there are no moving parts in thepower generating stacks of the fuel cell system.The utility sector is expected to be an early arena where fuel cells will bewidely commercialized. Today, only about one-third of the energy consumedreaches the actual user because of the low energy conversionefficiencies of power plants. In fact, fossil and nuclear plants in the U.S vent21 quads of heat into the atmosphere — more heat than all the homes andcommercial buildings in the country use in one year! Using fuel cells forutility applications can improve energy efficiency by as much as 60% whilereducing environmental emissions. Phosphoric acid fuel cells have beengenerally used in the initial commercialization of stationary fuel cell systems.These environmentally friendly systems are simple, reliable, and quiet. Theyrequire minimal servicing and attention. Natural gas is the primary fuel,however, other fuels can be used — including gas from local landfills, propane,or fuels with high methane content. All such fuels are reformed tohydrogen-rich gas mixtures before feeding to the fuel cell stack. Over 200(phosphoric acid fuel cells) units, 200 kilowatts each, are currently in operationaround the world. Fuel cell manufacturers are now developing smallscale polymer electrolyte fuel cell technology for individual home utility andheating applications at the power level of 2-5 kilowatts because the potentialfor lower materials and manufacturing costs could make these systemscommercially viable. Like the larger fuel cell utility plants, smaller systemswill also be connected directly to natural gas pipe lines — not the utility grid.In addition to these small scale uses, polymer electrolyte fuel cell technologyis also being developed for large scale building applications.“Distributed power” is a new approach utility companies are beginning toimplement — locating small, energy-saving power generators closer to wherethe need is. Because fuel cells are modular in design and highly efficient,these small units can be placed on-site. Installation is less of a financial riskfor utility planners and modules can be added as demand increases. Utilitysystems are currently being designed to use regenerative fuel cell technologyand renewable sources of electricity.This document, and more, is available for download at Martin's Marine Engineering Page - www.dieselduck.net21
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Page 3 and 4: What’s InsideFuel Cells- Green Po
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Page 7 and 8: How do Fuel Cells Compare toInterna
Page 9 and 10: The Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fu
Page 11 and 12: Why a Fuel Cell Goes “Platinum”
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Page 20 and 21: Regenerative Fuel CellA regenerativ
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Page 26 and 27: Wood Coal OilNaturalGasHydrogenHydr
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