FGF-signalling in the differentiation of mouse ES cells towards ...

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288 M. Hansson et al. / Developmental Biology 330 (2009) 286–304
M. Hansson et al. / Developmental Biology 330 (2009) 286–304289specific secondary antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories)and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, MP Biomedicals).The Lhx1 staining used tyramide signal amplification (PerkinElmer)according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Negative controls,where the primary antibodies were omitted, were included for allstainings. These controls showed no unspecific staining of thesecondary antibodies (data not shown). β-galactosidase activity wasvisualized by adding X-gal stain solution for 4 h at 37 °C. The slideswere analyzed using an LSM 510 META laser scanning microscope(Carl Zeiss) or a BX60 epifluorescence microscope equipped with aDP71 camera (both from Olympus).RT-PCR and qPCRCells were dissociated using 0.05% Trypsin-EDTA and collected bycentrifugation. Total RNA was isolated using the RNeasy kit withDNAse treatment (Qiagen) following the manufacturer's protocol.cDNA was prepared from 5 or 100 ng RNA using MMLV ReverseTranscriptase (Invitrogen). PCR reactions were performed using 1 μlcDNA, 1 μl 20μM primer mix and 23 μl Reddy Mix PCR master mix(Abgene). The PCR was carried out with an initial denaturation step at96 °C for 2 min, followed by 32–38 cycles of 96 °C for 30 s, 55 °C for30 s and 72 °C for 1 min. The PCR was finished with a final extensionstep at 72 °C for 5 min. QPCR was performed using the standard SYBR ®Green program with dissociation curve of the Mx3005P (Stratagene).PCR reaction was run in duplicates using 5 μl Brilliant ® SYBR ® GreenQPCR Master Mix (Stratagene), 1 μl cDNA, 1 μl 10μM primer mix and3 μl DEPC-treated water. Quantified values for each gene of interestwere normalized against the input determined by the housekeepinggenes G6pdh and Tbp. The results are expressed as the relativeexpression level compared with the vehicle control condition or thescrambled control siRNA in the vehicle condition. Primer sequencesare available on request.siRNA transfectionThe sequence effective for mouse β-catenin knock-down wasdesigned using software available at the web site of Invitrogen(http://rnaidesigner.invitrogen.com/rnaiexpress/). The β-catenin(accession number NM_0079614.2) target sequences of the STEALTHsiRNAs were 5′-GCCTTCATTATGGACTGCCTGTTGT-3′ (siRNA1) and 5′-GAGCAAGGCTTTTCCCAGTCCTTCA-3′ (siRNA2). The STEALTH negativecontrol siRNA (scrambled; Invitrogen) has been used as negativecontrol and is labeled “scrambled”.The cells were cultured on gelatin-treated 24-well plates aspreviously described with a starting density of 4000 cells/cm 2 .After1 day of differentiation the cells were transfected with 100 nMSTEALTH siRNAs using Lipofectamine2000 according to the manufacturer'sinstructions. The transfected cells were grown further andanalyzed for β-catenin expression by western blot at days 3 and 5 ofdifferentiation. QPCR and flow cytometry analysis was performed atday 5.Western blotTotal cell lysates were obtained on days 3 and 5 of differentiationculture using RIPA lysis buffer. 20 μg of each protein sample wereloaded and analyzed by western blot using a rabbit anti-β-cateninmonoclonal antibody (Lab Vision) and a mouse anti-β-Actinmonoclonal antibody (Sigma-Aldrich) as primary antibodies aswell as secondary HRP-conjugated antibodies (Santa CruzBiotechnology).Generation of stable Wnt-reporter ES cell lines and chimera formationThe SuTOP-CFP construct was generated by cutting the luciferasegene from the Super8XTOPFLASH Wnt reporter (generously providedby Dr. R. Moon, University of Seattle, WA) with Fse and Nco1 andreplacing it with Cerulean PCR product from the pmCerulean-C1vector (Rizzo et al., 2004). To generate stably transfected cell lines, E14cells (Hooper et al., 1987) of low passage number were co-transfectedwith SuTOP-CFP and a ploxP-Neo vector, conferring resistance toNeomycin. The relationship between plasmids was 10:1 (reporter:ploxP-Neo). Transfection was carried out using Lipofectamine2000(Invitrogen) and 24 h after transfection, selection was added (200 μg/ml G418, Invitrogen). Medium was changed daily for 9 days and0.5 μM BIO (GSK3β inhibitor, Calbiochem), which activates canonicalWnt signaling, was added to the medium for the last 2 days ofselection to identify Wnt-responsive colonies. Fluorescent colonieswere then picked and expanded and one clone was selected forchimera formation via blastocyst injection.E3.5 blastocysts were harvested by flushing the uteri of mature,time mated NMRI mice (Taconic). Chimeric embryos were generatedby injection of approximately 10 SuTOP-CFP ES cells into theblastocoel using a paraffin-oil driven manual injector (Cell TramVario, Eppendorf) and a Narishige micromanipulator. Following 3 h ofculture in M16 medium, embryos were transferred to the uterus ofE2.5 pseudo-pregnant, 7 week old NMRI foster mothers. Care of theanimals was done according to institutional guidelines. Embryos wereharvested at E10.5 and fixed in Lilly's fixative (4% phosphate bufferedformaldehyde) for 30 min before being analyzed for native Ceruleanfluorescence. All animal experiments were performed in accordancewith institutional and national regulations.Chick embryo graftingFertilized eggs from white leghorn chicken were purchased fromTriova and incubated at 38 °C to Hamburger and Hamilton (HH) stages8–10 (Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951). The embryos were explantedas previously described (Chapman et al., 2001). E14 ES cell progenywas prepared for grafting by labeling with fluorescent CMTMRCellTracker dye (Molecular Probes/Invitrogen). Clumps of cells werescraped off, washed in PBS and inserted between endoderm andmesoderm of chicken embryos via a small incision in the endoderm.Grafted embryos were incubated for 48 h in a humidified incubator at38 °C. The embryos were isolated, washed in PBS, fixed in 4% PFA atroom temperature for 2 h and stored in methanol at −20 °C until thetime of analysis. Whole-mount immunofluorescent analyses ofgrafted chicken embryos were performed as previously described(Ahnfelt-Ronne et al., 2007).ResultsDose-dependent effects of activin on the expression of PS genes aremodulated by BMP and Wnt signalingPrevious studies have demonstrated induction of Brachyury (T) andGoosecoid (Gsc) by activin in mES cells (Gadue et al., 2006; Kubo et al.,2004; Tada et al., 2005; Yasunaga et al., 2005). However, differences inmedia compositions and the culture methods used make a directcomparison of the response of these two genes to varying doses ofactivin difficult. Prior to the induction of differentiation by addition ofgrowth factors, we culture the undifferentiated ES cells under definedconditions (Ying et al., 2003a). As activin is known to dosedependentlyregulate T and Gsc expression in Xenopus animal capFig. 1. Activin, BMP and Wnt signaling control the dynamic expression of primitive streak genes in differentiating ES cells. Flow cytometric analysis of T Gfp/+ (A), Gsc Gfp/+ (B), orMixl1 Gfp/+ (C) cells grown in adherent culture for up to 6 days in serum-free media containing 0, 3, 10, 30 or 100 ng/ml activin in the presence or absence of 10 ng/ml BMP4 or100 ng/ml Wnt3a. The mean % GFP + cells ±standard deviation of three independent experiments is presented.
Page 1: PhD thesisCand.scient. Janny Marie
Page 5: ResuméSukkersyge er en sygdom der
Page 9: Table of contents1
Page 12 and 13: ICMinner cell massIdInhibitor of di
Page 14 and 15: cell mass regenerates probably thro
Page 16 and 17: Figure 1-1: Early embryo developmen
Page 18 and 19: Figure 1-3: Regional expression of
Page 20 and 21: The pluripotent stateThe pluripoten
Page 25 and 26: There are four membrane-bound FGFRs
Page 27: 2. AimsThe aim of this study was to
Page 30 and 31: Developmental Biology 330 (2009) 28
Page 34 and 35: 290 M. Hansson et al. / Development
Page 50 and 51: Figure S2Figure S2: A subpopulation
Page 52 and 53: Figure S4Figure S4: Expression of T
Page 54 and 55: Figure S6Figure S6: qRT-PCR analyse
Page 56 and 57: epithelium; Cdx2, expressed posteri
Page 58 and 59: Figure 4-4: A high FGF4-concentrati
Page 60 and 61: Figure 4-6: A 3-step protocol does
Page 63 and 64: 5. Paper IIFGFR(IIIc)-activation in
Page 65 and 66: AbstractProgress in embryonic stem
Page 67 and 68: variants in their Ig-like domain II
Page 69 and 70: Cell count and proliferation assayC
Page 71 and 72: influence on the numbers of Sox17-G
Page 73 and 74: undifferentiated cells, we found th
Page 75 and 76: FGF4, 5, FGF8b and FGFR1, are expre
Page 77 and 78: with EdU-stain (blue sample); and w
Page 79 and 80: Olsen, S.K., J.Y. Li, C. Bromleigh,
Page 81 and 82: FiguresFigure 1: Screen for FGFR-is
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 3: Activation of FGFRb or FG
Page 87 and 88:
Opposite, Figure 6: In the absence
Page 89 and 90:
6. General discussionEndoderm diffe
Page 91 and 92:
Overall, the multitude of FGF-signa
Page 93 and 94:
transplantation is the spread of an
Page 96:
AcknowledgementsThe work presented
Page 99 and 100:
Chambers, I., D. Colby, M. Robertso
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Hawkins, V.J. Wroblewski, D.S. Li,
Page 103 and 104:
Nishikawa, S.I., S. Nishikawa, M. H
Page 105 and 106:
Tanimizu, N., H. Saito, K. Mostov,
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