Diversity of Fresh water algae in two Lakes of Tumkur, Karnataka ...

Diversity of Fresh water algae in two Lakes of Tumkur, Karnataka State, India.
Ravishankar, H.G 1 . Panduranga Murthy, G*., Lokesh, S 2 and Hosmani, S.P 3
* Department of Studies in Biotechnology & Engineering
Shridevi Institute of Engineering & Technology, (Affiliated to VTU & Kuvempu university, Shimoga)
Sira Road, Tumkur -572 106, Karnataka, India
1. Researcher, Department of Biology, Maharaja’s College, Mysore, India. 2. DOS in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, MGM-570 006.
3. Professor & Head, Dept. of Biotechnology, Mahajana’s First Grade College, Jayalakshmipuram, Mysore-570 012, India.
Abstract
Key Words: Diversity, Fresh Water Algae, Lakes, Tumkur, India
Freshwater algae are among the most diverse and ubiquitous organisms on earth. They occupy an
enormous range of ecological conditions from lakes and rivers to acidic peat swamps, inland saline lakes,
snow and ice, damp soils, wetlands etc. Algae in fresh waters have numerous environmental functions
and are based upon the recycling of nutrients. Urbanization has led to the pollution of surface water
bodies resulting in decline/extinction of some species. On the other hand, some species have increased
enormously making water unfit for drinking and recreation.
This paper presents data on the algal biodiversity of two fresh water lakes, Bugudana Halli Lake
and Mydala Lake situated within the boundary of Tumkur City, Karnataka, India. The study reveals,
Physico-chemical parameters of two fresh water lakes and their relation to the growth and distribution of
planktonic population have been evaluated by standard procedures. The taxonomic account of algae with
eight different groups has been recorded in order to enumerate the biodiversity of both Lakes of Tumkur.
Camera Lucida drawings and photographs have been taken and identified to species level using
monographs and research publications.
About 171 algal species belonging to Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Desmidiaceae,
Euglenophyceae, Cyanophyceae species have been described along with Photomicrographs and Camera
Lucida drawings, respectively. Besides, the frequency distribution of various algae has been analyzed.
The species of Pediastrum and Scenedesmus were most frequent among Chlorophyceae. The
Bacillariophyceae members were dominated by Cymbella, Nitzschia, Pinnularia and Navicula. Among
Cyanophyceae, Lyngbya, Chroococcus and Oscillatoria were abundant. Desmids were represented by a
large number of Cosmarium and Closterium. Euglena (13), Phacus (9) and Trachelomonas (3) of
Euglenophyceae were recorded. Chrysophyceae and Dinophyceae were completely absent.
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Of 171 algal species, Euglena with 14 species ranked first. Abundance of Euglenaceae and
Cyanophyceae resulted in blooms which may be the main reason for the decline of other plankton
population. The majority of the taxa were Bacillariophyceae (32%), while the Chlorophytes represented
about 21.60%. Similarly, the other groups are Cyanophyceae-17.63%, Desmidiaceae - 12.65% and
Euglenophyceae-18.26%. Interestingly, Chrysophyceae and Dinophyceae groups were absent. As a
whole, the taxonomic structure is typical of mesotrophic to eutrophic but, some taxa may be considered
characteristic of oligotrophic lakes. In conclusion, more attention should be paid to this group of
organisms, since these two Lakes are rich in rare algae species which represent important part of
ecosystem. Hence, the application of protection measures of rare and significant algae should be started
through regular removal of bloom forming algae from lakes and by algicide application may be useful in
controlling bloom which in turn may facilitate the growth of other algae. Therefore, the main objective
of this study, ‘preservation of algal diversity’ can be achieved.
Introduction
The utilization of lentic water bodies for domestic use like, drinking purpose has assumed
importance in developing countries. The disposal of agricultural waste and untreated sewage into water
bodies adversely affect the plant and animal life. Sukumaran (2002) is of the opinion that the constant
discharge of sewage into the aquatic system enriches the organic content, leading to eutrophication and
deterioration of the quality of water. In India, inland water bodies attracted the attention of various
workers leading to the studies on water quality and distribution of phytoplankton from time to time,
(Zafar, 1967, Munawar 1974; Dwivedi and Pandey, 2002 and Ratha et al, 2003). Although
considerable work has been done on the limnological studies on some tanks and ponds of Karnataka, the
tanks, Mydala-Amanikere and Bugudana Halli lakes of Tumkur City is selected for the present study
remains scientifically unexplored.
In the present investigation, data on morphometric features, water quality parameters, density
and diversity of phytoplankton communities with special reference to diversity of Algae have been
gathered. Based on this data, an attempt has been made to asses the quality of water and to evaluate the
trophic status of the lake.
2

Materials and Methods
The present study was conducted during summer season of 2008-2009 at two Lakes of Tumkur City,
Karnataka, India. The analysis was carried-out at Shridevi Research and Development Centre, SIET,
Tumkur, India.
Mydala Lake and Bugudana halli lake of Tumkur City are fresh water body situated towards
north-east and south-east and are 8-10 kms from the centre of Tumkur city. It lies at 13 ° 18 ¢ north
latitude and 76 ° 57 ¢ east longitude. Both are comparably large sized tanks with a water spread area of
370 hectares. The average depth of the tank is 3.0 to 4.4 meters along the bund. The tank is rain fed
during monsoon period. These tanks are also fed by Cauvery and Hemavati canal water respectively.
The water of both tanks is mainly used for drinking purpose and also to cultivate paddy crops in and
around the Lake area. Besides, washing activity is commonly seen and many aquatic weeds such as
Ipomea aquatica, Ipomea batata, Lantana sps., Nelumbo, Cyperus sp, Pistia, Eichhornia are also seen at
both tanks.
The total catchment area of the tank, Mydala Lake is 62.96 sq.km, Atchkat area is 472 HA &
Height is about 13-14.8m with an average rainfall is 640.27mm and Bugudana Halli Lake is 540 akres,
depth is about 15-20 feet with an average annual rainfall of 677 mm. The tanks are irregular in shape
and water in the tank is held by a raised north-south and east-east to north west bunds respectively.The
soil in the catchment area of both tanks is black clay/ loamy and sand / gravel type respectively.
Phytoplankton samples were collected from Surface water samples of identified stations of both
lakes at a depth of more than one feet using polythene cans of two liter capacity, bottles and small vials
at two fresh water lakes; Mydala Lake and Bugudana halli Lake of Tumkur City (Fig. 1). Samples were
obtained from the subsurface layer and in some cases from a depth of 1 or 2 m, using a peristaltic pump.
Additional samples taken with a 15 pm net were collected as a complement for taxonomic
identifications. For the enumeration of phytoplankton, all the living specimens were studied at SIET
R&D Station and a set of samples were preserved with 4% formalin in PVC flasks and simultaneously
with 20 ml of 1% lugol’s solution for sedimentation. These sedimented samples were observed under
microscope for algal diversity and the diagrams were drawn with the help of camera
lucid technique. The identification of phytoplankton up to the level of species was made with the help
of literature cited [Philipose M.T (1967), Deshikachary (1959), Gandhi (1955)]. Trophic status of the
lake was assessed using Nygaard's indices.
3

At each sampling site, temperature, pH and conductivity were measured with Luftman P300 and
C400 combined electronic meters, Filterable reactive phosphate was determined according Mackereth et
al, (1978). The pH was measured on the spot using pH paper and later confirmed in the laboratory using
digital pH meter. The chemical analysis was carried out following the methods suggested by Trivedy
and Goel (1986) and standard methods of APHA (1995).
Fig. -1. Geographical location of Tumkur (City) District
Results and Discussion
The place Tumkur situated in Karanataka, India, its geographical coordinates are 13 0 2 0 ’ 32’’
North, 77 0 6’ 6’’ East and its original name (with districts) is Tumkur. In the present study, the features
of both Lakes, Mydala-Amanikere and Bugudana halli Lakes of Tumkur City has been represented in
the Table-1. Maximum and minimum values for each physical and chemical parameter are shown in
Table-2. The complete floristic list is presented in Table 11& 12, and includes details of the Algal
distribution of each taxon. In general, Bourrelly’s Systematic scheme (1970, 1972, and 1981) is used,
except in the case of Bacillariophyceae when Simonsen (1979) is followed. A total of 171 algal taxa
were recorded and are represented in the Tables 11and 12 respectively. Some of the algal taxa recorded
present problems in their taxonomic identification. In particular, some taxa were cultured in the
laboratory and are photomicrographed finally presented in the table format. The physico-chemical and
biological parameters are presented in Table-3.
4

Most of the species recorded in both Lakes of Tumkur City have already been found in other
parts like, Mysore, Mandya, Bangalore, Chamaraja nagar districts respectively confirming the wide
distribution of the freshwater algae within this region. Nevertheless, sixteen of them are new records. On
the basis of the geographical distribution from literature data 60% of the species listed here are wide
spread. Among the algal groups treated in this paper, the Bacillariophyceae showed the highest species
richness with 52 taxa; some of these species were polymorphic (e.g. Pinnularia microstauron and
Nuvicula muticopsis). Chlorophyceae comprised 46 species, Euglenaceae comprises 27 sps, and
Desmidiaceae comprises 22 sps repectively, with Chlorococcales as the most diverse order (Table-3 and
4 -7).
‘Cyanophyceae’ is well represented in both Lakes of Tumkur (Izaguirre et al. 1993; Bais et al,
1995; Chaturvedi and Iqbal Habib, 1995; Dwivedi and Pandey, 2002 and Ratha et al, 2003). These class
comprises several polymorphic filamentous taxa, most of them forming part of the algal mats present in
lakes. This fact justifies the separate study of this particular group. The species recorded was 24 sps
found in phytoplankton samples, but some of them are typically epilithic or are usually associated with
the large stones and humid/ loamy soils. They may be transported into the water-bodies by wind, water
runoff and birds (Table-3 & 8).
Phytoplankton population in both tanks of Tumkur is composed of five major groups namely
Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Desmidiaceae. The density of
phytoplankton shows that Bacillariophyceae dominated and constituted (31.12%) of total phytoplankton
population followed by Chlorophyceae (26.39%-Table-), Euglenophyceae, (16.36%), Cyanophyceae
(14.86%) and Desmidiaceae (11.25%). In the present study, the maximum density of algae was noticed
in May, June and July - 74714 Organisms/ Litre in Mydala-Amanikere lake and in Bugudanahalli Lake,
the total algal diversity was found to be, 89910 (Table- 3& 9).
The average density of Chlorococcales was found to be 12930 Org / L in Mydala-Amanilake and
15480 Org / L were present in Bugudanahalli Lake. The density of Bacillariophyceae in Mydala-
Amanilake was found to be, 29750 Org / L and 23640 Org / L was present Bugudanahalli Lake.
Similarly, the average density of Desmids was 11200 Org / L present in Mydala-Amani lake and 6680
Org / L in Bugudanahalli lake. The average density of Euglenoids was found to be 2984 Org / L in
Mydala-Amani Lake and 9120 Org / L in Bugudanahall lakes of Tumkur City. Besides, the average
5

density of Cyanaphycean members was found to be 12600 Org / L in Mydala-Amanilake and 26840 Org
/ L in Bugudanahalli Lake were represented (Table-3).
The data obtained on the diversity of Algae in two fresh water lakes of Tumkur City is mainly
based on the factors of both internal and external respectively. The water temperature plays an important
role in controlling the occurrence and abundance of phytoplankton (Nazneen, 1980). Bugudanahalli
Lake as compared to Mydala-Amani-lake was noticed during the pre-monsoon period could be
attributed to increased temperature and light during this season as suggested by Kopoczynska (1980) and
Dwivedi and Pandey, 2002.
Verma and Mohanty (1995) have reported a direct relation ship between pH and
phytoplankton. Robert et.al., (1974) suggested that pH 5 to 8.5 is ideal for phytoplankton growth and
this was found to be true in the present investigation. Zafar in 1967 was of the opinion that, calcium is
one of the important elements influencing the distribution of Bacillariophyceae. In the present
investigation calcium ranges between 39 to 78 mg /L favoring the dominance of Bacillariophyceae (52
species). This is in agreement with the findings of Zafar, 1967 and Ying Ouyang, 2005.
Presence of Microcystis and Anabaena, high alkalinity and hardness indicates the trend of the
water body towards eutrophication. In the present investigation alkalinity ranges between 14 to 23 mg/L
and the total hardness ranges between 114 to 399 mg/Liter. Microcystis and Anabaena were recorded in
all the months of the study period. This is in agreement with the findings of Sankaran Unni, 1982 and
Chaturvedi & Iqbal Habib, 1995; and Ratha et al, 2003.
Munawar (1974) study shows a direct relationship between concentration of silicates and the
density of diatoms. In the present investigation, the Silica content was low and ranged between 0.091 to
0.214 mg/L, yet the water body harbored considerable number of diatoms. This indicates that, the
concentration of silica is not the only parameter that regulates the diatoms population in the water body.
Similar findings were also made by Hosmani et al, 1999 and Ying Ouyang, 2005. Some of the
phytoplankton indicating the eutrophic status of the tank encountered during the study is listed below.
Euglena, Oscillatoria, Scenedesmus, Nitzschia, Navicula, Synedra, Ankistrodesnus, Phacus,
Phormidium, Melosira, Gomphonema, Cyclotella and Anabaena
6

Conclusion
Algae in fresh waters have numerous environmental functions and are based upon the recycling
of nutrients. Urbanization has led to the pollution of surface water bodies resulting in decline/extinction
of some species. On the other hand, some species have increased enormously making water unfit for
drinking and recreation.
Ample of work is done either on taxonomic account or limnological account; but studies on the
combined aspects is lacking. Information on the algal biodiversity and related aspects pertaining to the
water bodies in Karnataka state is unavailable. The present study reveals the importance of physico-
chemical parameters and their effect on algal biodiversity in selected fresh water Lakes of Tumkur City.
Of 171 algal species, the abundance of both Euglena with 27 species and Cyanophyceae
with 24 species resulted in blooms which may be the main reason for the decline of other plankton
population. Beides, the Bacillariophyceae is the dominating group with 31.12% followed by 26.39% of
Chlorophyceae. The other groups are Cyanophyceae -14.86%, Desmidiaceae-11.25% and
Euglenophyceae-16.36%. Interestingly, the members of Chrysophyceae and Dinophyceae were
completely absent. Hence, in order to conserve the two lakes of Tumkur City, regular removal of bloom
forming algae from both Lakes by algicide application may be useful in controlling bloom which in turn
may facilitate the growth of other algae and point to be noted that, “Preserving algal diversity" is the
main significant out-put of the present study.
Acknowledgement
We thank the Shridevi R&D Centre for supporting the present Research work. We are grateful to
Dr. M.R. Hulinayakar, Shridevi Charitable Trust, Tumkur, India for his valuable co-operation and
counsel. We also thank Dr. M.A. Venkatesh, Principal, SIET, Tumkur, India for constant support
during the course of Investigation.
7

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Sl.
No.
Table 01: Features of Fresh water Lakes of Tumkur City
Place Area of
Lakes
Achkat
Area
Height
Average
Rain fall
Basin of
Tank
1. Mydala-Amani Lake 213.66 472.00 HA 13.80m 640.27mm Cauvery
2. Bugudana halli Lake 242.80 540.00 HA 16-19feet 667.44mm Hemavathi
Table -02. Maximum and minimum values of the physical and chemical characteristics for each
lake, corresponding to the study period (Jan - August, 2009)
Lake Temperature
( 0 C)
PH, Conductivity
(micro
second/cm)
Filterable reactive
phosphate
(microgram/litre)
river
river
Trophic
Status
Mydala lake 0-0.9 5.3-6 45.4-170 312.2-1030.9 Meso to
Bugudana
halli Lake
· Only one sample
Eutrophic
0- 4 5.5-7 10-91.3 14.8-970.5 Oligo to
Mesotrophic
Table – 09 – Distribution total Algal groups in both lakes during th period of Jan - August, 2009.
Algal group Total Number of species Percentage
Chlorophyceae 46 26.396
Bacillariophyceae 52 31.124
Euglenaceae 27 16.361
Cyanophyceae 24 14.863
Desmidiaceae 22 11.254
Total 171 99.998
10

Table -03: Physico-chemical and biological parameters of two Lakes of Tumkur City
SL. No. Parameters
Mydala-Amani
Lake
1 Atmospheric temp. o C 27 25
2 Water temp. o C 26 26
3 Color Little bit muddy Clear
4 Turbidity No No
5 pH 8.6 8.5
8 Dissolved oxygen mg/L 8.97 11.28
9 Carbon dioxide mg/L 16.79 9.44
10 Total alkalinity mg/L 245 265
11 Phenolphthalein alkalinity mg/L 34 08
12 Methyl orange acidity mg/L 0 0
13 Phenolphthalein acidity mg/L 18 35
14 Hardness mg/L 136 185
15 Calcium mg/L 24.66 36.34
16 Nitrates mg/L 0.017 0.031
17 Nitrites mg/L 0.012 0.16
18 Phosphates mg/L 0.110 0.19
19 Silicate mg/L 0.092 0.214
19 Chlorides mg/L 49.6 68.38
21 Total Solids mg/L 945 730
22 Mg++ mg/L 32.2 23.66
23 Chlorophyceae 5250 8150
24 Bacillariophyceae 29750 23640
25 Cyanophyceae 12600 26840
26 Desmidiaceae 11200 6680
27 Chlorococcales 12930 15480
28 Euglenaceae 2984 9120
29 Chrysophaceae 0 0
30 Dinoflagellates 0 0
Bugudana Halli
Lake
11

Table - 10. Algal diversity represented in Plates
SL.
No.
Plate -1 Plate -2
01 Lyngbya versicolor (Wartman.) Characium obtususum
Gomont
A.braun
02 Lyngbya semiplena (C. Ag.) Coelastrum reticulatum (Dang.)
J.Ag. Ex Gomont
Senn
03 Lyngbya latissima Prescott Cladophora fracta var. normalis (Dillw.)
Kuetzing
04 Merismopaedia convoluta
de-Breb. in Kuetz.
Characium limneticum Lemm.
05 Lyngbya martensiana Menegh Pandorina morum (Muell.) Bory.
06 Spirulina major (Kuetz.) gom. Oocystis gigas Archer
07 Anabaena affinis Lemm. Spirogyra fluviatilis Hilse
08 Chroococcus minutus (Kuetz.)
Naegeli
Pediastrum obtusum Lucks
09 Chroococcus turgidus (Kuetz.) Pediastrum tetras var.
Naegeli
tetraodon (Corda.) Rabh.
10 Chroococcus pallidus Naegeli Scenedesmus bijuga (Turp.)
Lagerheim
11 Gloeocapsa punctata Naegeli Scenidesmus obliques (Turp.)
Kuetz.
12 Anabaena spiroides Klebahn Spirogyra subsalsa Kuetz.
13 Gomphosphaeria aponina Kuetz. Spirogyra gratiana Transeau
14 Merismopaedia elegans A.
Braun in Kuetz.
Ulothrix cylindricum Prescott
15 Oscillatoria bornetii Zukal Tetraedron regulare Kuetz.
16 Oscillatoria tennuis Ag.ex
Gomont
Scenedesmus bijugatus Turp.
17 Oscillatoria acutissima Kufferath Zygnemopsis spiralis (Fritsch)
Transeau
18 Oscillatoria amoena (Kuetz.)
Gom.
Eudorina elegans Ehr.
19 Acntinastrum hantzii Lagerheim ---
20 Coelastrum sphaericum Naeg. ---
21 Ankistrodesmus falcatus(Corda)
Ralfs.
---
12

Table- 11. Algal diversity represented in Plates
SL.
No.
Plate -3 Plate -4
01 Closterium dianae Ehr.
var.minus (Wille) Schroeder.
Gomphonema tenuis Gandhi
02 Closterium cuspidatum Bail. Pinnularia gibba Ehr.
03 Closterium validum West &
West
Cymbella gracilis (Rabh.)Cleve
04 Closterium libellula Focke var.
elongatum (Kreig.) Scot prescot
comb. Nov.
Pleuro sigma hippocampus W.smith
05 Cosmarium regnelli var Wille
chondrophorum Skuja
Pinnularia conica Gandhi
06 Euastrum antistrophum Scott &
Prescott
Diploneis puella (Schum) Cleve
07 Cosmarium lundellii Delp.var. ellipticum Pinnularia graciloidis Huestedt.
W.West.
08 Cosmarium contractum Kirchn. Pinnularia cardinaliculis (Cleve) Lund
09 Euastrum platycerum Reinsch fa. Cymbella aspera (Ehr.) Cleve
10 Euastrum sinuosum Lenorm
var.capitatum Scot&Prescot.
Nitzschia gracillis Hantzsch
11 Euglena acus var. rigida (Ehr.)
Huebner
Synedra acus Kuetz.
12 Euglena tripteris (Duj.)Klebs Nitzschia palea (Kuetz.) W.Smith
13 Euglena ehrenbergii Klebs. Fragilaria capucina Dems. var.arctica
A.cl.
14 Phacus helikoides Pochman Nitzschia sublinearis Huestedt
15 Phacus anacoelus Stokes Stauroneis angularae Gonzalves et Gandhi
16 Phacus longicauda (Ehr.)
Dujardin
Navicula similis Krasske
17 Trachelomonas charkowiensis
Swernkoi
Navicula gracillis Ehr.
18 Trachelomonas hispida(Perty)
Stein
Stauronies kirtikari Gandhi
19 Phacus segrettii Lefevere var.
ovum Prescott
---
20 --- ---
21 --- ---
13

PLATE-1 – Camera Lucida diagrams
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21
14

PLATE-2 -Camera Lucida diagrams
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18
15

PLATE-3- Camera Lucida diagrams
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19
16

PLATE-4 - Camera Lucida diagrams
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
17