Bull's Head and Mermaid - The Bernstein Project - Ã–sterreichische ...

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The Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague, the National Library of the Netherlands, will make the software from the WILC available and provide facilities for keyboarding into the database. WIES is part of the European Union-funded project Bernstein – The Memory of Paper: http://www.bernstein.oeaw.ac.at Literature: Gerard van Thienen, Astrid Enderman, Maria Dolores Diaz-Miranda Macías: El papel y las filigranas de los incunables impresos en España, a través de los diversos ejemplaros conservados en las bibliotecas del mundo, in: Syntagma, Revista del Instituto de Historia del Libro y de la Lectura, 2, 2008, pp. 239–261. G.v.T. (G.v.T. / C.P.-K.) Database of Watermarks and Paper Used for Prints and Drawings Developed by the Dutch University Institute for Art History in Florence (NIKI) In September 2001, the Dutch University Institute for Art History in Florence (NIKI) launched an initiative to develop a database for storing and publishing the watermarks and paper structures of paper used by artists for prints and drawings in the period 1450–1800. Thanks to the data now included and the planned addition of new data in the years to come, the database is becoming a unique tool for the art historical and scientific analysis of prints and drawings. It will offer a centralized collection of large numbers of watermarks, will give detailed information on the different kinds of paper used by individual artists, and will make important data available for dating and authenticating these works of art. Watermark data from museums and collections around the world will be stored in the database and made available for public use. The database will be particularly useful for art historians, art collectors, art dealers and all others interested in this kind of material. The NIKI has photographed, X-rayed and collected in its database watermark images and data that have been generated in the framework of a number of research and exhibition projects on artists of the Italian Renaissance, including Fra Bartolommeo (1472–1518) and Michelangelo (1475–1564). Thanks to the generous cooperation of art historians and print collections in Europe and the United States, the NIKI database project has also been able to include watermarks of a number of other artists, such as Lucas van Leyden (1494–1533) and Rembrandt (1609–1669). Currently, nearly 2,400 X-ray images of watermarks found in the paper of Rembrandt’s etchings have been incorporated into the database. Moreover, the NIKI is participating in a number of research projects in which watermarks play an important role. Together with the University of Leiden and the Dresdner Kupferstich-Kabinett, it is undertaking a study of the paper and watermarks of the early Dutch and Flemish drawings from between 1450 and 1600 owned by these two institutions. In the near future, the watermarks of the Dürer prints held by the Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt will be retrieved and also included in the database. Earlier research has shown that much of the paper that was used for early prints and drawings does not have a watermark at all, or contains watermarks that are only partially visible. This makes it necessary to retrieve not only watermarks, but as far as possible also to record the entire paper structure of each sheet. The NIKI database is interlinked with those of the other partners in the Bernstein project through the same classification of watermark types and motifs, as well as by other paper parameters such as chain line distance, watermark measurements, etc. As the artistic and geographic focus of the NIKI watermark database is not only Germany, Italy and the Netherlands, but extends to the whole art-on-paper production in Europe in the period between 1450 and 1800, new project partners willing to cooperate with retrieving, furnishing and/or adding new paper and watermark data to the database are welcomed. NIKI retrieves watermarks and paper structure with a soft X-ray device and with image subtraction technology. As both are mobile, it is able to offer its services to retrieve watermark and paper images in museums or any other public or private owner of prints or drawings. The retrieved images will be included in the database and the owner of the work will receive a set of images in digital form. Corpus Chartarum Italicarum (CCI) G.D. / B.W.M (B.W.M. / C.P.-K.) Research has been carried out at the Istituto centrale per il restauro e la conservazione del patrimonio archivistico e librario on the approximately 5,000 watermarked sheets that compose the Corpus Chartarum Italicarum with the goal of identifying dimensional and typological characteristics, and of measuring useful parameters that might provide useful information on the quality of sheets and the methods used to manufacture them. The research project – launched in 2006 – was divided into three distinct phases: The first activity involved the thorough dusting of all sheets composing the Corpus, which were generally found to be in a good state of preservation. Dust removal was effected using a professional-grade vacuum cleaner suitable for performing conservation work. Next, the sheets were removed from their old folders and these were replaced with folders made from an archival quality material (lining card made from pure cellulose fibre of neutral pH). All data, both printed and handwritten, were transferred from the old folders to the new ones. In the second phase, instrumental readings were taken relating to thickness, permeability, surface texture (i.e. roughness/smoothness), and whiteness levels. The third and final phase of the project consisted in the digital reproduction of sheets, in both raking light and in transparency. Watermark motifs were identified, their subject matters were defined, and they were traced in repertories. An online database has been created and is accessible via the ICPAL’s website (which can be visited at: http://www.patologialibro.beniculturali.it). The data bank contains images of all the watermarks, together with historical data and the aforementioned instrumental data. 97
The sheets are now stored in new containers that were custom-made to house the Corpus; the containers are made from archival materials suitable for the long-term conservation of paper-supported cultural heritage. Bernstein – The Memory of Paper 98 P.F.M. / V.N. (M.L.) The “Bernstein – the memory of paper” Project is being sponsored by the European Union within the framework of the eContentplus programme. The name of the project derives from a metaphor: Just as amber that encloses an insect is valuable, historical paper contains watermarks that are a special sign and mark of quality. If one holds either amber or paper containing a watermark up to the light, its treasure is divulged to the viewer. The project, which began in September 2006, is planned to run for thirty months. The goal is to create an integrated European internet site containing information about historical paper. Of key interest are the watermark databases that are already available online (Piccard-Online: http://www.piccard-online.de; the Viennese “Watermarks of the Middle Ages”: http://www.oeaw.ac.at/ksbm/wz/wzma2.htm; the collection of “Watermarks in Incunabula printed in the Low Countries”: http://watermark.kb.nl; NIKI’s “International Database of Watermarks and Paper Used for Prints and Drawings (ca. 1450–1800)”: http://www.iuoart.org/wmdb.htm). It is planned to create a multi-lingual watermark portal that will enable research with coordinated and standardized terminology. The goal is also to offer links to research tools and digital sources for research on paper. The basic idea of the Bernstein Project is, above all, the creation of a technical infrastructure that will allow the greatest number of users access to information on paper and watermarks. The main groups of users will be historians, art historians, researchers of manuscripts and incunabula, conservationists, the art market, and last but not least, the paper industry. Taking part in the project are some of Europe’s most eminent figures in the field of watermark collecting and digitalization, who are working together with specialists in historical paper – a joint effort between the humanities and information sciences. Bernstein project partners: • Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna: Project management, digital image processing tools, database systems (WZMA), research on manuscripts. • Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart: Database systems (Piccard-Online), watermark nomenclature and watermark classification. • Laboratoire de Médiévistique Occidentale de Paris: Quantitative history of paper, prints of the Renaissance. • Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Leipzig: International bibliography of paper history. • Dutch University Institute for Art History, Florence: Paper in art history (NIKI). • Delft University of Technology, Delft: Intelligent digital image processing. • Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague: Database systems (WILC), incunabula printed in the Netherlands. • Institute for Information Systems and Computer Media, University of Technology, Graz: Integration of software (implementation), user interface, knowledge management systems, digital libraries. • University of Liverpool: Distributed search functions, disambiguation of names, cross-domain resource discovery, text mining. http://www.bernstein.oeaw.ac.at/ http://www.thememoryofpaper.eu C.K. (C.-P.-K.)
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The Bernstein Project Booklet of th
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Booklet and catalogue of the exhibi
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Collaborators: Conception and gener
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6 Corpus Chartarum Italicarum (CCI)
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Introduction When dealing with pape
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Ill. 2: Bartolus de Saxoferrato: Tr
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Ill. 2: Schematized rendering of a
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in the Iberian regions under Mooris
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They had all been dug and were fed
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Ill. 8: Paper mill “de schoolmees
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first wove papers in the Spechthaus
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ine bleaching needed control and wa
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Ill. 16: This illustration of a pap
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uneven diameter in paper from as la
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The watermarks in paper of the Midd
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III 1
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Scientific research on watermarks,
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manufacturing. Of these regulations
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was used can only be made on the ba
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Ill. 4
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motif in Italy; the bull’s head i
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Ill. 7: Rembrandt, Resurrection of
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Ill. 9: Michelangelo, Fortification
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Page 71 and 72: AT8100-W270_63 Piccard-Online Nr. 0
Page 73 and 74: AT8100-W718_22 Piccard-Online Nr. 0
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Page 119 and 120: Irsigler, F.: Papierhandel in Mitte
Page 121 and 122: Papiergeschichte als Hilfswissensch
Page 123 and 124: Tschudin, P. F.: Grundzüge der Pap
Page 125 and 126: Additional Motif - Beizeichen Secon
Page 127 and 128: CCI Corpus Chartarum Italicarum Cod
Page 129 and 130: A.H. Alois Haidinger A.P. André Pe
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