Bull's Head and Mermaid - The Bernstein Project - Österreichische ...
Bull's Head and Mermaid - The Bernstein Project - Österreichische ...
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V 6 William Algernon Churchill – Edward Heawood<br />
William Algernon Churchill: * 1865, British Consul in Amsterdam,<br />
Milan, etc., † 1947.<br />
Edward Heawood: * 1863, 1886 Fellow of the Royal Geographical<br />
Society, librarian of the Society until 1934, † 1949.<br />
<strong>The</strong> monograph “Watermarks in paper in Holl<strong>and</strong>, Engl<strong>and</strong>,<br />
France etc. in the XVII <strong>and</strong> XVIII centuries <strong>and</strong> their interconnection”,<br />
published by William Algernon Churchill in<br />
1935, is not merely a collection of watermarks, but is rather<br />
a history of papermaking, above all Dutch, illustrated with<br />
578 watermark tracings. Papermaking is recorded in Holl<strong>and</strong><br />
from the end of the 16th century. In the second half of<br />
the 17th century, Amsterdam established itself as an important<br />
centre for paper production <strong>and</strong> its export – not only<br />
of Dutch paper, but also paper from France <strong>and</strong> Germany.<br />
One of the most important importers of Dutch paper in the<br />
17th <strong>and</strong> 18th century was Engl<strong>and</strong>. <strong>The</strong> excellent reputation<br />
of Dutch paper in the 18th century led to its paper (<strong>and</strong> its<br />
watermarks) being copied in France <strong>and</strong> also, to some extent,<br />
in southern Germany.<br />
Closely connected to the above publication of Churchill is<br />
the watermark collection “Watermarks mainly of the 17th<br />
<strong>and</strong> 18th centuries” of Edward Heawood. Churchill’s publication<br />
includes many watermarks from Heawood’s collection;<br />
conversely, for his own publication, Heawood, who was a<br />
close friend of Churchill, used many tracings Churchill had<br />
made but not included in his work. Heawood’s collection contains<br />
4,078 tracings of watermarks, classified according to<br />
motifs, collected primarily from books <strong>and</strong> maps from the library<br />
of the Royal Geographical Society, the Victoria <strong>and</strong> Albert<br />
Museum <strong>and</strong> the British Museum.<br />
* * *<br />
William Algernon Churchill: Watermarks in paper in Holl<strong>and</strong>, Engl<strong>and</strong>,<br />
France etc. in the XVII <strong>and</strong> XVIII centuries <strong>and</strong> their interconnection,<br />
Amsterdam 1935, Reprint Nieuwkoop 1985.<br />
Edward Heawood: Watermarks mainly of the 17th <strong>and</strong> 18th centuries<br />
(Monumenta chartae papyraceae historiam illustrantia 1),<br />
Hilversum 1950, Reprint Amsterdam 1957 <strong>and</strong> 1970.<br />
V 7 Karl <strong>The</strong>odor Weiß<br />
A.H. (C.P.-K.)<br />
* 13 February 1872 (Schwetzingen), parents from Constance,<br />
paper historian <strong>and</strong> watermark researcher, † 12 Mai 1945, Erfurt.<br />
Karl <strong>The</strong>odor Weiß passed his general qualifications for university<br />
entrance in Ettenheim <strong>and</strong> subsequently studied philology,<br />
German language <strong>and</strong> literature as well as history at the<br />
Universities of Freiburg, Strasbourg, Tübingen <strong>and</strong> Heidelberg.<br />
After an internship at the Großherzogliche L<strong>and</strong>esbibliothek<br />
in Karlsruhe, he studied – pushed by his father, with<br />
whom he had a difficult relationship – law in Freiburg <strong>and</strong> Heidelberg.<br />
He graduated, however, from the faculty of philosophy.<br />
Two years later, Weiß founded the Deutsche Papiermuseum.<br />
At the turn of the century he worked as a lawyer in<br />
Karlsruhe <strong>and</strong> later, in Engen (Hegau); his greatest commitment,<br />
however, was devoted to his studies on paper <strong>and</strong> watermarks.<br />
Three children were born between 1899 <strong>and</strong> 1904:<br />
Werner, his daughter Wissigard, <strong>and</strong> finally his son Wisso.<br />
From 1910 he conducted systematic surveys, sending questionnaires<br />
of up to 5,000 copies to public institutions, church<br />
parishes, archives <strong>and</strong> active paper mills. <strong>The</strong>se questionnaires<br />
asked for a broad range of information about former paper<br />
mills, individual paper makers, their products <strong>and</strong> their watermarks.<br />
Weiß was not only interested in acquiring watermark tracings,<br />
he also collected original paper samples <strong>and</strong> described<br />
them in a st<strong>and</strong>ardized manner. In the context of his research<br />
on watermarks, he also studied historical papermaking techniques<br />
intensively. He collected old moulds <strong>and</strong> studied the<br />
watermarks pairs produced from two moulds in a single papermaking<br />
process. In a study on the Stockach paper mill published<br />
in 1915, he carefully noted watermark pairs: “Only both<br />
moulds of a pair of moulds are of value. <strong>The</strong>y allow the most<br />
reliable dating of writing paper, prints, <strong>and</strong> drawings.” His<br />
monograph, “Paper History <strong>and</strong> Watermark Research”, was<br />
published in 1926. It clearly demonstrates that he did not consider<br />
the history of paper merely an auxiliary science.<br />
His “H<strong>and</strong>buch der Wasserzeichenkunde” (H<strong>and</strong>book of<br />
Watermark Research), a project that he planned <strong>and</strong><br />
worked on for decades, remained unfinished at his death.<br />
Also projected “Regesten zur Papiergeschichte” (Inventory<br />
of Paper History), mentioned in his correspondence with<br />
the publisher Karl W. Hiersemann of Leipzig, was not completed.<br />
After World War I, Weiß discontinued his law practice,<br />
moved to Mönchweiler near Villingen, <strong>and</strong> for the following<br />
two decades privately worked on his research in limited<br />
financial circumstances. In 1937, on the suggestion of<br />
Hellmuth Müller-Clemm, an Expert Committee for Paper<br />
History <strong>and</strong> Watermark Research was founded by the Verein<br />
der Zellstoff- und Papier-Chemiker und -Ingenieure (Association<br />
of Pulp <strong>and</strong> Paper Chemists <strong>and</strong> Engineers), but despite<br />
some negotiations, he declined a position. He was also<br />
not willing to place his collection at the disposal of the<br />
Forschungsstelle für Papiergeschichte (Research Centre for<br />
Paper History), founded in 1938 in Mainz. Alfred Schulte,<br />
who Weiß had familiarised with the fundamentals of paper<br />
history already in 1930, became the head of this institution.<br />
In 1939, Weiß <strong>and</strong> his wife, urgently in need of support,<br />
were brought by their son Wisso to live with him in Erfurt.<br />
<strong>The</strong> collection was packed into cases <strong>and</strong> became nearly inaccessible.<br />
During World War II, under the threat of air<br />
raids, a paper manufacturer had parts of the collection<br />
transferred to a bunker. Wisso Weiß was a prisoner of war<br />
when his father died on 12 May 1945 in Erfurt, immediately<br />
after the end of World War II. It was left to his son to finish<br />
all the works his father had left incomplete.<br />
* * *<br />
Alfred Nadler: Zum 100. Geburtstage von Dr. Karl <strong>The</strong>odor Weiß,<br />
in: IPH-Information N.F. 6 (1972) 1, p. 5–7.<br />
Karl <strong>The</strong>odor Weiß: Die Papiermühle zu Stockach, ihre Geschichte<br />
und ihre Wasserzeichen. Nach seiner papiergeschichtlichen Sammlung<br />
dargestellt von Dr. Karl <strong>The</strong>odor Weiß, in: Schriften des Vereins<br />
für Geschichte des Bodensees 44 (1915), p. 14–31.<br />
Karl <strong>The</strong>odor Weiß: Papiergeschichte und Wasserzeichenkunde. Erreichte<br />
Ziele und zu lösende Aufgaben, in: Archiv für Buchgewerbe<br />
und Gebrauchsgraphik 63 (1926), p. 292–308.<br />
Karl <strong>The</strong>odor Weiß: H<strong>and</strong>buch der Wasserzeichenkunde, bearbeitet<br />
und herausgegeben von Wisso Weiß, Leipzig 1962.<br />
Ulman Weiß: Karl <strong>The</strong>odor Weiß. Prolegomena zu einer Biographie,<br />
in: International Paper History 5 (1995), Heft 3, p. 48–53.<br />
F.S. (F.S. / C.-P.-K.)<br />
83